- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
In Modern English there are three infinitive complexes/constructions:
the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction;
the Subjective Infinitive Construction;
the Prepositional (For-to-Infinitive) Construction.
The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is a monofunctional construction, that’s why its translation depends not only on its meaning and syntactic function but the translator’s choice of the equivalent, as well as the stylistic aim pursued by the author.
1. As a rule it is translated into Ukrainian by a subordinate clause introduced by the conjunctions ЩО, ЩОБ, КОЛИ, ЯК.
E.g. I heard the door open and shut again. Я почув, як двері відчинилися і зачинилися знову.
Do you want me to tell you everything at once? Ви хочете, щоб я все відразу розповів вам?
He watched the children run and jump across the playground. Він бачив, що діти бігають і стрибають по всьому майданчику.
I can’t stand him to speak like this. Я не виношу, коли він так розмовляє.
If the construction is used after the verbs of permission as well as compulsion, it is often translated as two objects in the sentence.
E.g. She let me enter the room. Вона дозволила мені зайти до кімнати.
The teacher made me repeat the whole story again. Вчитель змусив мене знову повторити всю історію.
The verb TO MAKE often adds some causal meaning to the sentence and in Ukrainian translation we need the conjunctions ЧЕРЕЗ ТЕ, ЩО, З ПРИЧИНИ.
E.g. His words made me feel ill at ease. Через його слова я почувався незручно.
Special care should be taken with the verb denoting wish and intention TO CHOOSE which is translated into Ukrainian as ХОТІТИ.
E.g. He will never choose you to join him. Він ні за що не захоче, щоб ви приєдналися до нього.
The verb of permission TO SUFFER also requires special attention as before the construction it is usually translated as НЕОХОЧЕ ДОЗВОЛЯТИ.
E.g. Granny suffered John to stay there a bit longer. Бабуся неохоче дозволила Джону залишитися там ще трохи.
Another verb denoting permission is TO HAVE. It is usually used only in the negative form and is translated as не дозволю, не потерплю.
E.g. I won’t have you behave like this! Я не дозволю вам так поводитися!
And finally, though not very often, this construction can be translated by a noun derived from the objective infinitive.
E.g. I had expected him to be more sympathetic. Я очікував від нього більше співчуття.
5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
The peculiar characteristic of this construction is that its verbal part is separated from the nominal part by the primary predicate. The translation of this complex is predetermined by some factors:
the semantic group of the verb which precedes the verbal part;
the voice form of the infinitive;
the structure of the sentence;
the translator’s choice of means and language units.
So this construction can be translated into Ukrainian with the help of:
1. an indefinite personal sentence
E.g. He was seen to leave the house alone. Бачили, що він вийшов з будинку сам.
2. an impersonal sentence
E.g. They are known to be Mr. Brian’s top students. Відомо, що вони кращі студенти містера Брайана.
3. an impersonal sentence introduced by the conjunction ЯК
E.g. The rally was seen to be much smaller than had been expected. Як виявилося, мітинг зібрав менше людей, ніж очікувалося.
4. a sentence with a parenthetic word ЗДАВАЛОСЯ
E.g. He seemed to be deep in thought. Він, здавалося, заглибився в роздуми.
5. a sentence with modal words МОЖЛИВО, НАПЕВНО, ОЧЕВИДНО, СХОЖЕ, НАВРЯД
E.g. They are not likely to come soon. Навряд чи вони скоро прийдуть.