- •Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
- •Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
- •2. Significance of Translation
- •Methods of Translation
- •4. Kinds of Translation
- •Self-assessment test
- •Peculiarities of Rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions
- •1. The peculiarities of rendering the Present Simple tense in Ukrainian.
- •2. The Present Perfect and Perfect-Continuous tenses, the peculiarities of their translation.
- •3. English passive voice constructions, the general notion.
- •4. Transformations in rendering the meaning of English passive voice constructions in Ukrainian.
- •5. English passive voice constructions with a prepositional object, their rendering in Ukrainian.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article
- •The Article. The general notion.
- •Factors that influence the translation of articles. The influence of origin on translation.
- •3. The lexico-grammatical meaning of the article, its influence on translation.
- •5. Realization of contextual meaning of the definite article.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions
- •The Infinitive, the general notion
- •The ways of translating a single infinitive and infinitive phrases. The use of direct translation.
- •3. The ways of translating a single infinitive. The use of clauses in translation.
- •4. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •5. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •6. The ways of conveying the meaning of the Prepositional Infinitive Construction
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and Its Constructions
- •The gerund, the general notion.
- •2. Ways of translating a single gerund.
- •3. Peculiarities of translating the gerund as an adverbial modifier
- •4. Ways of rendering gerundial constructions.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions
- •Ways of Rendering the Single Participle and Participial Phrases
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •3. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute and the Prepositional Absolute Constructions
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions
- •1. Modality as an extralinguistic category. Ways of expressing modality.
- •2. Phonological ways of expressing modality.
- •3. Lexical means of expressing modality.
- •Lexico-grammatical means of expressing modality.
- •5. Grammatical modality.
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •Ways of Rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood
- •Forms of the Subjunctive mood, the general notion
- •2. General approaches to the translation of the forms of the Subjunctive mood
- •3.Peculiarities of translating object clauses with the Subjunctive mood
- •4. Ways of translating clauses with should
- •Self-assessment test
- •Exercises
- •The Forms of the Subjunctive Mood and the Ways of Their Rendering in Ukrainian
- •Texts for translation
- •L.Carroll Alice in Wonderland
- •W. S. Maugham Foinet's Advice
- •F. R. Barratt The Sad Story of a Lost Memory
- •Additional exercises
- •What a Language!
- •Questions for the examination
- •References
Передмова
Навчально-методичний комплекс призначений для студентів молодших курсів спеціальності "Мова і література (англійська)" факультетів іноземних мов вищих закладів освіти при вивченні курсу "Граматичні проблеми перекладу". Навчально-методичний комплекс має на меті забезпечення студентів базовим теоретичним матеріалом, тестів для самоконтролю, переліком питань та практичних завдань для підготовки до практичних занять, додатковими матеріалами текстового і табличного характеру, а також переліком базової та додаткової літератури для аудиторної і самостійної роботи студентів. Мета курсу - удосконалення фахової підготовки студентів з англійської мови за рахунок усунення лексико-граматичних труднощів перекладу при формуванні навичок автентичного усного і писемного мовлення, ознайомлення із засобами адекватного перекладу різних граматичних явищ англійської мови українською та української мови англійською. Курс охоплює особливості перекладу часових форм англійського дієслова в активному і пасивному станах, артиклів, неособових форм англійського дієслова, модальних дієслів та форм умовного способу. В ході курсу також розглядаються лексико-граматичні проблеми перекладу, де прослідковуються засоби вираження і відтворення можливих контекстуальних значень. Матеріал чітко структурований та проілюстрований відповідними прикладами, його викладення здійснюється згідно тематики робочої програми курсу "Граматичні проблеми перекладу" для студентів спеціальності "Мова і література (англійська)" факультетів іноземних мов вищих закладів освіти. Критерієм відбору текстового матеріалу була його адекватність завданням мовної комунікації, а також частотність вживання як в усному, так і писемному мовленні. Методичні рекомендації призначені як для самостійної, так і аудиторної діяльності студентів, матеріал розрахований на 32-36 годин аудиторного часу.
CONTENTS |
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Lecture 1. Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation |
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3 |
Lecture 2. Peculiarities of rendering English Tenses and Passive Voice Constructions |
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8 |
Lecture 3. Ways of Realization of the Contextual Meaning of the Article |
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15 |
Lecture 4. Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Infinitive and its Constructions |
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21 |
Lecture 5. Ways of Conveying the Meaning of the Gerund and its Constructions |
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28 |
Lecture 6. Ways of Translating the Participle and Participial Constructions |
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34 |
Lecture 7. Ways of Conveying the Meaning of English Modal Verbs and Modal Expressions |
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40 |
Lecture 8. Ways of rendering the Forms of the Subjunctive Mood |
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53 |
Texts for translation Additional exercises Questions for the examination |
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63 66 80 |
References
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81 |
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Lecture 1
Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Translation
Problems for discussion:
Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Study
Significance of Translation
Methods of Translation
Kinds of Translation
Translation as a Notion, Subject and Object of Linguistic Studies
Translation can be seen from different points of view, as it can be a notion, a subject and an object of linguistic study. The process of translation always involves two languages – a source language and a target language.
A source language is an original language, the one from which the translation is done. A target language is a resulting language, the one into which the translation is done.
As a notion translation means the process of rendering the content of a source language word, word-group, sentence or passage in the target language. Translation also denotes the result of the process of rendering.
As a subject translation is a linguistic study which considers principles, methods and ways of conveying the meaning of a source language units in the target language.
As an object of linguistic study translation is functional interaction of two languages which involves extralinguistic situation and background information. Extralinguistic situation implies the conditions under which the communication takes place. Background information is general knowledge of the subject of communication. It is the translator’s common sense, his knowledge of the way the things are in life.
According to its physical parameters translation is divided into translation and interpretation. The difference between them is that translation is written while interpretation is oral. But it should be mentioned that the term ‘translation’ is much broader and it can be used when we speak about both translation and interpretation.
Translation is divided into several types depending on the genre of the text being translated, such as literary, publicistic translation, translation of official documents, etc.
Interpretation is traditionally divided into consecutive and simultaneous interpretation.
Consecutive interpretation is the process of interpreting which follows the source utterance. Simultaneous interpretation is the process of interpreting performed at the same time with the original speech. As a rule, this interpretation requires special equipment, such as ear-phones, microphones and a sound- insulated booth.
2. Significance of Translation
The importance of translation has long been recognized. It makes possible government and personal contacts at the international level. It is important for the functioning of different international bodies (E.E.C. –European Economic Council; I.M.F. – International Monetary Fund; UN, etc.). Translation is widely used in politics, business and science. Translation is a perfect means of sharing achievements and enriching national languages, literatures and cultures. Due to masterly translations of the world classics it has become part of many national literatures as well as the works of Ukrainian authors have become available for many readers abroad.
Translation also promotes enrichment of lexicon in the target language (E.g. Cossack, steppe, hryvnia, etc. ).
A lot of expressions and regular sentence idioms have come to national languages owing to translation (E.g. Olympic calmness, the Ten Commandments, Trojan horse, to take part, time is money, black ingratitude, etc. ). All this proves that the translator’s activities greatly influence the enrichment of languages through translation.