- •1. Sentence – proposition – utterance – speech act correlation
- •2. The simple sentence and its types
- •3. Parts of the sentence. Criteria of establishing parts of the sentence.
- •4. Typology of parts of the sentence
- •5. The hierarchical structure of the sentence. The Immediate constituents analysis.
- •6. Simple and complex parts of the sentence: characteristics and grouping.
- •7. The structural paradigm of the simple sentence: external and internal approach.
- •8. Transformational processes
- •9. Semantic and functional paradigms of the simple sentence
- •10. The notion of the functional sentence perspective
- •11. Formal means of differentiation between the theme and the rheme
7. The structural paradigm of the simple sentence: external and internal approach.
The S. ia a person modifier of the predicate.
Structurally, S. may be:
- simle (Make is playing football)
- expanded (Make and Nick are playing football)
- extended (Little Nick is playing football)
- complicated (What Make doesn’t like is playing football)
The P. is a process modifier of the S.
Types of P.:
- the verbal (He smiled)
- the nominal – called “the compound nominal predicate” (He is a student)
- the phrasal (He took a glance)
The Ob. Is substance modifier of the P.
Ob. Always depends on the valency of the verb used in the function of the P., its distribution is limited.The Ob. Of the sentence can easily become the S. in passive transformation.
The Ob. classified into direct, indirect and prepositional.
For classification by G.G.Pocheptsov there are 3 types:
the object complement – denotes a person or thing the action is passed on to: He saw me/He looked at me;
The addressee Ob. – denotes a person or thing the action is directed to: I was given a book / He offered a book to me.
The subject’s Ob. – refers to the verb in a passive-voice form: I was given book/ He offered a good job.
Adv.M. is a quality modifier either of the P. or of the whole sentence.
It has a free distribution. When an adverb/adverbial of place, time, purpose, and cause modifies the whole sentence, it is called “the syntactic determiner” and starts the sent.: Downstairs the clock struck one.
Adverb/adverbials of manner placed in the initial position: Silently, she closed the door.
The At. is a quality modifier of the substantive part (a nominal) of the sentence.
At. is always dependent, referring to the nominal components of sentence and it can be found both in pre-position and in post-position to its element: blue eyes / eyes full of tears
Structurally, each part of the sentence can be 2 types:
simple, when it is expressed by single word
complex (expanded - extended – contaminated – complicated) when it is the resalt of application of the definite syntactic process.
Each part can be expr. by a single word, word-group (phraseme) )and a clause.
8. Transformational processes
The following transformational processes are most widely used:
morphological changes of the predicative categories of the finite verb – tense, aspect, voice, mood
functional expansion – the process of adding some functional words
substitution – the use of a substituteinstead of a notional word
deletion (ellipsis) – a non-use of notional constituents of the sentence in various contextual conditions
permutation – a change of the positional arrangement of constituents into a reverse pattern
clausalization – a change of a sentence into a subordinate or co-ordinate clause
phrasalization – a transformation of the sentence into a phrase. If a nominal phrase is produced, the process is called “nominalization” (complete (predicativity) partial (inf.or ger.phrase).