Материалы для контроля знаний по теме №7

TEXT “URBAN PLANNING”

Прочтите и переведите текст.

Urban planning (urban, city, and town planning) is a technical and political process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of the urban environment, including transportation networks, to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. It concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management.

A plan can take a variety of forms including strategic plans, comprehensive plans, neighborhood plans, regulatory and incentive strategies, or historic preservation plans. Planners are often also responsible for enforcing the chosen policies.

The modern origins of urban planning lie in the movement for urban reform that arose as a reaction against the disorder of the industrial city in the mid-19th century. Urban planning can include urban renewal, by adapting urban planning methods to existing cities suffering from decline. In the late-20th century, the term sustainable development has come to represent an ideal outcome in the sum of all planning goals.

In the developed countries of Western Europe, North America, Japan, and Australasia, planning and architecture can be said to have gone through various paradigms or stages of consensus in the last 200 years. Firstly, there was the industrialised city of the 19th century, where building was largely controlled by businesses and wealthy elites. Around 1900, a movement began for providing citizens, especially factory workers, with healthier environments. The concept of the garden city arose and several model towns were built, such as Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire, UK, the world's first garden cities. These were small in size, typically providing for a few thousand residents.

Environmental protection and conservation are of utmost importance to many planning systems across the world. Not only are the specific effects of development to be mitigated, but attempts are made to minimize the overall effect of development on the local and global environment. This is commonly done through the assessment of Sustainable urban infrastructure and microclimate. In Europe this process is known as a Sustainability Appraisal.

1. Переведите на русский язык:

1. urban planning 

2. urban environment

3. transportation networks,

4. research and analysis

5. a variety of forms

6. urban renewal

7. sustainable development

8. ideal outcome

9. environmental protection

10. Sustainability Appraisal.

2. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя текст:

1. A plan can take a variety of forms including ...

2. Planners are often also responsible for ...

3. The modern origins of urban planning lie in ...

4. Urban planning can include …

5. Planning and architecture can be said to ...

6. The concept of the garden city ...

7. Environmental protection and conservation are ...

ГРАММАТИКА

Согласование времен