Unit 1. Human body

Lexis: Anatomy / Physiology / Medicine / Public health Listening: 2 texts

Text a. Blood transfusion

Exercise 1. What do you know about blood groups? Before listening to the text answer the following questions:

1. What are blood groups? What characteristics allow to distinguish blood groups?

2. How many blood groups are there?

3. Why is it necessary to match donor’s and recipient’s blood groups for transfusion?

to disguise - маскировать to purge – вычищать clump - сгусток permeable – проницаемый

Exercise 2. Listen to the text (Script 1) and describe the new method developed to overcome the problem of matching blood groups for blood transfusion.

Exercise 3. Listen to the text again and say if the following statements are true or false according to the text, correct the false ones:

1. There are 29 blood groups distinguished according to blood composition.

2. Donor’s blood attacks recipient’s antibodies.

3. There are two main strategies of dealing with the problem of matching blood groups.

4. There have been developed effective methods of producing artificial blood.

5. Maryam Tabrizian of McGill University followed the second possible strategy of removing antigenic proteins.

6. The new method uses two coats – an undercoat for better adhesion and an upper disguising coat.

7. The coating does nor inhibit the functions of red blood cells.

8. The method demonstrated efficacy both in vitro and in vivo.

Text b. Medical technology

Exercise 4. Before listening to the text answer the following questions:

1. What methods are currently used to obtain tissue grafts and organs for transplantation?

2. What problems are associated with these methods?

3. What are the main risks of transplantation?

corpse – труп scaffold – каркас graft - трансплантант tap – кран clot - тромб

Exercise 5. Listen to the text (Script 2) and describe how a graft is produced for transplantation.

Exercise 6. Listen to the text again and put the stages of producing a graft in the correct order. Describe each stage in detail.

a. Smooth-muscle cells secrete collagen.

b. Muscle cells are washed away leaving just the collagen.

c. Smooth-muscle cells are obtained.

d. Polyglycolic acid degrades within a few weeks, replaced by collagen.

e. Smooth-muscle cells are cultured on tubular scaffolds.

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the possible applications of the new method?

2. What other methods are currently used to obtain blood vessels for transplantation?

3. What are the advantages of the new method compared to the currently used ones?

Unit 2. Water

Lexis: Physiology / Biochemistry / Public health / Environmental science Listening: 2 texts

Text a. Obesity

Exercise 1. Before listening to the text answer the following questions:

1. What is the role of water in human diet?

2. What amount of water constitutes recommended daily consumption?

3. What effect does water produce on digestion, if any?

Exercise 2. Match the following terms on the left (1-4) with their definitions on the right (a-d):

1. Obesity	a. A unit of energy in the metric system
2. Calorie	b. A medical condition in which excess body weight has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems
3. Randomised control trial	c. A plan of care written by a physician or other health care professional
4. Prescription	d. A specific type of scientific experiment, and the gold standard for a clinical trial

to displace – вытеснять bias – предубеждение obscure – неясный, смутный fizzy drinks – газированные напитки

Exercise 3. Listen to the text (Script 3) and describe the effects of water consumption with meal on weight.

Exercise 4. Listen to the text again and explain what the following figures refer to in the text:

12 weeks 1 year 48 55-75 2 half a litre a pint

1800 and 2200 1200 1500 7 kilos 5 kilos 700 gramms

Exercise 5. Answer the questions:

1. How did the scientists interpret the results of the study?

2. How can you explain the effects of water consumption with meal on weight?