Text d. Wine gums

Exercise 9. Before listening to the text answer the following questions:

1. What healthy properties of wine do you know?

2. What wine compounds account for these properties?

floss – зубная нить cavity – кариес to bestow – даровать, присуждать

Exercise 10. Listen to the text (Script 37) which describes a new prospective method for teeth hygiene. Put the stages of the research in the correct order, describe each stage in detail.

a. The scientists exposed the discs to various treatments.

b. The scientists grew five species of oral bacteria.

c. The scientists compared antibiofilm properties of the treatments.

d. The bacteria formed films on discs.

e. The scientists identified the wine compund.

f. Studies established that red wine has antimicrobial properties.

Unit 13. Sex and gender

Lexis: Physiology / Embryology / Reproduction / Neurobiology / Genetics Listening. 4 texts

Text a. Behaviour of the sexes

Exercise 1. Discuss the following questions:

1. When and how do sex differences form? When and how does masculinization occur?

2. What are oestrogen and testosterone responsible for in the body?

template – шаблон, трафарет, образец surge – выброс, пик, резкое колебание to amplify – усиливать, увеличивать

Exercise 2. Listen to the text (Script 38) which explores the mechanism of sex hormone activity and check your answers in Exercise 1. Describe how sex hormones determine development of sex differences.

Exercise 3. Listen to the text again and say if the following statements are true or false, correct the false ones:

1. All mammals display gender-specific behaviours.

2. Males and females display gender-specific behaviors since the day of birth.

3. Gender-specific behaviours mostly include mating habits.

4. Sex hormones are involved in brain growth and development.

5. Oestrogen is known to convert into testosterone in the body.

6. Masculinization in mice doesn’t occur until puberty.

7. Androgen receptors respond to male hormones thus mediating the manly transformation of newborn animals.

8. The team genetically engineered mice to eliminate androgen receptors in their muscles and elsewhere.

9. The genetically modified mice demonstrated the same male-specific behaviours as the normal mice, but to a different extent.

10. A burst of testosterone and receptors for the hormone are responsible for the newborn sexual differentiation.

11. Both sex hormones – testosterone and oestrogen – regulate masculinisation of neural pathways at birth.

Text b. Lifespan and the sexes

Exercise 4. The following text (Script 39) correlates with the text Why is life expectancy longer for women than it is for men? in Exercise 2 of Book 1. Listen to the text and compare the facts presented in both. Make a full list of factors that account for the difference in life expectancy between the sexes.

to buck – противиться, вставать на дыбы tomcat – кот ram – баран eunuch – евнух

Exercise 5. Listen to the text again. Using information from the text answer the questions:

1. What are the current trends in life expectancy?

2. What factors explain the narrowing gap between life expectancy of men and women in Great Britain?

3. What countries can be considered exceptions from the general trends? What are the reasons?

4. Is it possible that men and women will have equal life expectancy? Why? Why not?