Unit 12. Alcohol

Lexis: Biochemistry / Immunology / Public health / Neurobiology / Microbiology Listening. 4 texts.

Text a. Allergy to wine

Exercise 1. Before listening to the text answer the following questions:

1. What is allergic reaction? What are its symptoms?

2. What most common allergens do you know?

3. What are glycoproteins and how do they trigger allergic reaction?

4. What is the role of preservatives in food and wine production? What substances are most commonly used as preservatives?

oenophile – энофил, ценитель вина culprit - виновник to sneeze - чихать ragweed – амброзия rampant – широко распространенный; свирепый, грозный hay fever – поллиноз, аллергия на пыльцу to blame - обвинять

Exercise 2. Listen to the text (Script 34) which describes allergens discovered in wine and answer the following questions:

1. How many people are allergic to wine?

2. What method was used to identify allergenic proteins in wine?

3. What wine compounds have been found to provoke allergy?

Text b. Brewing

Exercise 3. What do you know about brewing (beer production)? Answer the following questions:

1. What raw materials is beer produced from? What processes occur during brewing?

2. What is the difference between the two main types of beer- lager and ale?

Interloper – вмешивающийся в чужие дела gall - чернильный орех beech tree – буковое дерево to outlaw – запретить, сделать вне закона batch – партия продукта

Exercise 4. Listen to the text (Script 35) to check your answers in Exercise 3. Describe a new discovery in the sphere of microbiology.

Exercise 5. Listen to the text again and say if the following statements are true, false or information is not given, correct the false ones:

1. Both ale and lager are produced by long-term fermentation.

2. Ales are produced using baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

3. Lagers are produced using a hybrid of S. cerevisiae with something else.

4. The newly discovered species, Saccharomyces eubayanus, was tracked down to a region in North America, where it has traditionally been used to produce alcoholic beverages.

5. Genetic engineering confirmed that Saccharomyces eubayanus is the other species in the lager hybrid.

6. Lager – cold-fermented beer – was produced in many regions of Germany.

7. Lager production began in Germany after exploration of the New World in the late 15^th century.

8. Lager production started in Bavaria in the 15^th century first without Saccharomyces eubayanus.

9. Saccharomyces eubayanus arrived in Bavaria in 1553.

10. The two yeast strains eventually hybridised to form Saccharomyces pastorianus.

11. New hybrids may be produced using the original strain of Saccharomyces eubayanus.

Text c. Combating addiction

Exercise 6. What do you know about vaccination? Answer the questions:

1. How do vaccines work?

2. What agents can vaccines be used against?

hapten – полуантиген, неполноценный антиген, гаптен adjuvant – адъювант, вспомогательное активирующее средство

Exercise 7. Listen the the text (Script 36) and describe a new method of fighting addiction to alcohol and other drugs.

Exercise 8. Listen to the text again and answer the questions:

1. What is the main obstacle to making immune system attack drugs?

2. How can this obstacle be overcome?

3. What components is the vaccine against methamphetamine constructed from?

4. What makes nicotine so hard to target with a vaccine?

5. What method was used to deal with that difficulty?

6. How effective were the vaccines?