- •4И(Англ.) к69
- •Preface to the second edition
- •General notions the verb
- •Actions and states
- •Qualitative characteristics of processes
- •Verbal modes of action
- •General and variant lexical meanings of verbs
- •Verbal aspect
- •Finite and non-finite verbal forms
- •Part I grammatical content of the finite forms grammatical categories of the english verb
- •Time and aspect relations denoted by the english verbal forms
- •Time content of the finite verb forms
- •Logical Time
- •Processes of the Objective World and Time Relationships
- •Irrelevancy of the Meaning of Simultaneousness for the Grammatical Content of the Dynamic Tenses
- •Aspectual content of tenses
- •Present, past, and future tenses (absolute tenses)
- •PastStatic a n d p a s t d у n a m і с
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Model II
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Past Static and Past Dynamic
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Model III
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Past Static and Past Dynamic
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Model IV
- •The Beforefuture Static Tense1
- •Irrelevancy of the Meaning Concrete Process for the Grammatical Content of the Dynamic Tenses
- •Irrelevancy of the Meanings Resultative Connections, Current Relevance, and Completeness for the Grammatical Content of the Anterior Tenses
- •The system of the english tenses
- •Part II the use of the tenses relative frequency of the tenses
- •Table III frequency of use of anterior dynamic, beforefuture static, and future dynamic tenses
- •Table IV the use of tenses in technical literature1
- •In different kinds of text
- •In the passive voice
- •Table VII
- •Factors influencing the choice of the tenses in speech
- •Factors Conditioned Mainly by the Peculiarities of the English Verb System
- •The Historical Factor
- •Harmony Between Tense-sequence Meaning and Speech Information
- •Factors Permitting the Speaker to Choose From Two or More Tenses
- •Economy of Speech Efforts
- •Direction of Speech Intentionality
- •Stylistic Considerations
- •The use of absolute static tenses
- •The present static
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Present Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Past Time
- •Adverbials of Time Used with the Present Static
- •The past static
- •The use of the past static to refer to sequent processes
- •The use of the past static to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The Past Static in Sentences Where Resultative Connections with the Present are Expressed
- •The Past Static in Sentences with Ever, Never, Always, Before
- •The Use of the Past Static after the Beforepresent Static in the Same or Different Sentences
- •Parallel uses of the past and the beforepast static
- •The past static and definiteness of verbal processes in time
- •Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases of Time Frequently Combined with the Past Static
- •Miscellaneous
- •The future static
- •Miscellaneous
- •The use of absolute dynamic tenses
- •The present dynamic
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Present Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Future Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Past Time
- •The present dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The present dynamic to refer to sequent processes
- •Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time combined with the present dynamic
- •Verbs used in the present dynamic
- •Miscellaneous
- •The past dynamic
- •Examples of Verbal Processes of Increasing Length
- •The past dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •Synchronous Processes:
- •Sentences with a While-Clause (see Table XIV).
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes begun or terminated when another process represented in its limits took place
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes correlated with a situation existing or a process occurring at the moment of speaking
- •Parallel uses of the past dynamic and anterior tenses
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes future relative to some moment in the past
- •Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time combined with the past dynamic
- •Verbs used in the past dynamic2
- •Miscellaneous
- •The future dynamic
- •Examples of Verbal Processes of Increasing Length
- •The future dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The future dynamic to refer to sequent processes
- •Adverbials of time combined with the future dynamic
- •Verbs used in the future dynamic3
- •Verbs used in the beforefuture static
- •Inclusive and Exclusive Processes
- •Verbs used in the beforepresent dynamic
- •Independent Clauses
- •Included Clauses
- •Verbs used in the beforepast dynamic
The future dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
The Future Dynamic is used to express simultaneous verbal processes in about 16% of all its uses: ~~, ~~, __
~~ - 67%;
~.~ , ~’~ — 23%.
Examples of synchronous processes denoted by verbs in the Future Dynamic:
1. "She'll be lying in bed and she'll be looking at the pictures in an old 'Paris Match'" (G. Greene); 2. "I'll be making you a present of my youth, my ideals, and my love, and expecting not one thing in return"
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(Th. Dreiser); 3. "But then I shall be sagging, bulging or curving in
a distressing way, the female form being what it is" (M. Arlen); 4. " You '11 be standing knee deep in the surf waiting for me and your machine will be playing 'There's no place like home'" (O'Henry); 5. Watch a plant beginning to grow from a seed. A root grows down into the ground, and a stem grows up into the air. Very soon the root will be taking food from the ground, and the leaves will be taking food from the air (H. McKay).
One of the simultaneous processes is frequently denoted by a verb (usually to be, have, know, etc.) in a Static tense, as in:
1. "This year you'll probably be taking one of my courses. You'll have to do more than talk about how good you are" (M. Wilson); 2. "As you know you'll be teaching freshman physics lab while you take your own courses towards your doctorate" (M. Wilson); 3. "Bill won't be working at a job. He'll be in a concentration camp" (D. Carter); 4. "If he wakes up, we'll know it; he'll be yelling for water" (A. Maltz).
Examples of Patterns ~.~ and ~’~ :
1. "If you're always crying 'wolf, wolf we'll not be believing you when it does come to the bit" (A. Cronin); 2." I shall be cleaning up when you come with my luggage" (J. Galsworthy); 3. "When I see him he will be running already" (E. Hemingway); 4. "I know where I will find him. He will be standing at the ginger stall, chewing his ginger" (D. Russell).
The future dynamic to refer to sequent processes
The Future Dynamic refers to sequent processes in about 4% of its total use.
The Future Dynamic to Refer to One Process Sequent to That Denoted by a Verb in a Static Tense: 1. "I've no doubt the moment my back's turned you'll be crouching at the fire with your trashy books" (A. Cronin); 2. "Now you'll think I'm against you and you will be laying for me at every lodge meeting" (A. Saxton); 3. "In ten minutes I'll cross the Central, Southern, and Middle Western States, and be legging it for the Canadian border" (O'Henry).
The Future Dynamic to Refer to Two Sequent Processes: 1. "I'll be coming to your flat and making you give me that lesson" (S. Lewis); 2. "I shall be getting things and going back" (J. Galsworthy); 3. "He'll be going in, too, and stamping on what's left of us" (J. Galsworthy); 4."I'll be pressing your grey flannel suit and sewing on buttons" (S. Wilson); 5. "They will soon be rushing here and declaring they never expected anything else" (G. Meredith); 6. "Look here, it isn't safe to lean like that. You'll be tumbling over and breaking your neck" (H. Walpole).