- •4И(Англ.) к69
- •Preface to the second edition
- •General notions the verb
- •Actions and states
- •Qualitative characteristics of processes
- •Verbal modes of action
- •General and variant lexical meanings of verbs
- •Verbal aspect
- •Finite and non-finite verbal forms
- •Part I grammatical content of the finite forms grammatical categories of the english verb
- •Time and aspect relations denoted by the english verbal forms
- •Time content of the finite verb forms
- •Logical Time
- •Processes of the Objective World and Time Relationships
- •Irrelevancy of the Meaning of Simultaneousness for the Grammatical Content of the Dynamic Tenses
- •Aspectual content of tenses
- •Present, past, and future tenses (absolute tenses)
- •PastStatic a n d p a s t d у n a m і с
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Model II
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Past Static and Past Dynamic
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Model III
- •Present Static and Present Dynamic
- •Past Static and Past Dynamic
- •Future Static and Future Dynamic
- •Model IV
- •The Beforefuture Static Tense1
- •Irrelevancy of the Meaning Concrete Process for the Grammatical Content of the Dynamic Tenses
- •Irrelevancy of the Meanings Resultative Connections, Current Relevance, and Completeness for the Grammatical Content of the Anterior Tenses
- •The system of the english tenses
- •Part II the use of the tenses relative frequency of the tenses
- •Table III frequency of use of anterior dynamic, beforefuture static, and future dynamic tenses
- •Table IV the use of tenses in technical literature1
- •In different kinds of text
- •In the passive voice
- •Table VII
- •Factors influencing the choice of the tenses in speech
- •Factors Conditioned Mainly by the Peculiarities of the English Verb System
- •The Historical Factor
- •Harmony Between Tense-sequence Meaning and Speech Information
- •Factors Permitting the Speaker to Choose From Two or More Tenses
- •Economy of Speech Efforts
- •Direction of Speech Intentionality
- •Stylistic Considerations
- •The use of absolute static tenses
- •The present static
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Present Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Past Time
- •Adverbials of Time Used with the Present Static
- •The past static
- •The use of the past static to refer to sequent processes
- •The use of the past static to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The Past Static in Sentences Where Resultative Connections with the Present are Expressed
- •The Past Static in Sentences with Ever, Never, Always, Before
- •The Use of the Past Static after the Beforepresent Static in the Same or Different Sentences
- •Parallel uses of the past and the beforepast static
- •The past static and definiteness of verbal processes in time
- •Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases of Time Frequently Combined with the Past Static
- •Miscellaneous
- •The future static
- •Miscellaneous
- •The use of absolute dynamic tenses
- •The present dynamic
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Present Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Future Time
- •Processes Objectively Belonging to Past Time
- •The present dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The present dynamic to refer to sequent processes
- •Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time combined with the present dynamic
- •Verbs used in the present dynamic
- •Miscellaneous
- •The past dynamic
- •Examples of Verbal Processes of Increasing Length
- •The past dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •Synchronous Processes:
- •Sentences with a While-Clause (see Table XIV).
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes begun or terminated when another process represented in its limits took place
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes correlated with a situation existing or a process occurring at the moment of speaking
- •Parallel uses of the past dynamic and anterior tenses
- •The past dynamic to refer to processes future relative to some moment in the past
- •Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time combined with the past dynamic
- •Verbs used in the past dynamic2
- •Miscellaneous
- •The future dynamic
- •Examples of Verbal Processes of Increasing Length
- •The future dynamic to refer to simultaneous processes
- •The future dynamic to refer to sequent processes
- •Adverbials of time combined with the future dynamic
- •Verbs used in the future dynamic3
- •Verbs used in the beforefuture static
- •Inclusive and Exclusive Processes
- •Verbs used in the beforepresent dynamic
- •Independent Clauses
- •Included Clauses
- •Verbs used in the beforepast dynamic
Table IV the use of tenses in technical literature1
|
Time |
|
|||||
Tenses |
Present |
Past |
Future |
||||
|
Total |
% |
Total |
% |
Total |
% |
|
Absolute Static |
5,288 |
90 |
112 |
2.0 |
308 |
5.3 |
|
Absolute Dynamic |
56 |
1.0 |
— |
— |
4 |
0.07 |
|
Relative Static |
70 |
1.2 |
3 |
0.05 |
4 |
0.07 |
|
Relative Dynamic |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
The relative frequency list of the use of tenses in stage direction (see table V):
Present Static 93.22%
Beforepresent Static 2.67%
Present Dynamic 2.57%
Past Static .84%
Beforepresent Dynamic .31%
Future Static .25%
Beforepast Static .14%.
Table V
THE USE OF TENSES IN STAGE DIRECTIONS2
-
Time
Tenses
Present
Past
Future
Total
%
Total
%
Total
%
Absolute Static
4,621
93.22
44
0.84
13
.25
Absolute Dynamic
134
2.57
—
—
—
—
Relative Static
139
2.67
7
0.14
—
—
Relative Dynamic
16
0.31
—
—
—
—
Table VI
RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF TENSES (%)
In different kinds of text
Tense |
Kind of Text |
||
Fiction |
Technical literature |
Stage directions |
|
Present Static |
25.55 |
90.0 |
93.22 |
Present Dynamic |
1.9 |
1.0 |
2.57 |
Beforepresent Static |
3.8 |
1.2 |
2.67 |
Beforepresent Dynamic |
.2 |
— |
.31 |
Finally, in TableVI comparison is made of relative frequencies (%) of present and beforepresent tenses used in fiction, technical literature, and stage directions.
The data of the table show that the Present Dynamic and the Beforepresent Dynamic in stage directions are used about 1.5 times more frequently and the Beforepresent Static about 1.5 times less frequently than in fiction.
RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF TENSES