9. Types of narration in English.

Narration refers to the way that a story is told.Types of narration:

1. Author’s Narrative;

2. Dialogue;

3. Interior speech;

4. Represented speech.

1.The writer’s views and emotions are mostly explicitly expressed in the author’s speech (or the author’s narrative). The unfolding of the plot is mainly concentrated here, personages are given characteristics, the time and the place of action are also described here, as the author sees them. The author’s narrative supplies the reader with direct information about the author’s preferences and objections.

In contemporary prose, the writer entrusts some fictitious character with the task of story-telling. The writer himself thus hides behind the figure of the narrator, presents all the events of the story from the latter’s viewpoint and only sporadically emerges in the narrative with his own considerations, which may reinforce or contradict those expressed by the narrator. This form of the author’s speech is called entrusted narrative. Entrusted narrative can be carried out in the 1^st person singular, when the narrator proceeds with his story openly and explicitly, from his own name. Entrusted narrative may also be anonymous.

2.The narrative, both the author’s and the entrusted , is not the only type of narration observed in creative prose. A very important place here is occupied by dialogue, where personages express their minds in the form of uttered speech. So dialogue is the most significant forms of the personage’s self-characterization, which allow the author to seemingly eliminate himself from the process.

3.Another form, which obtained a position of utmost significance in contemporary prose is interior speech of the personage, which allows the author and the readers to peep into the inner world of the character, observe his ideas and views in the making. Interior speech is best known in the form of interior monologue. So the personage’s viewpoint can be realized in the uttered (dialogue) and inner (interior) speech forms. Both are introduced into the text by the author’s remarks containing indication of the personage(his name) and of the act of speaking (thinking) expressed by such verbs as “to say,” “to think” and their synonyms.

There are three ways of reproducing actual speech:

1.direct speech is a quotation. It is always introduced by a verb like:say, reply,exclaim,cry…

2.indirect speech- we use it when the actual words of a character, as it were, pass through the author’s mouth in the course of his narrative and in this process undergo certain changes.

3.represented speech is that form of utterance which conveys the actual words of the speaker through the mouth of the writer but retains the peculiarities of the speaker’s mode of expression.

4. Represented speech exists in two varieties:

1) uttered represented speech demands that the tense should be switched from present to past and that the personal pronouns should be changed from 1^st and 2^nd person to 3^rd person as in indirect speech, but the syntactical structure of the utterance does not change.

2) unuttered or inner represented speech express feelings and thoughts of the character which were not materialized in spoken or written language by the character. It is usually introduced by verbs of mental perception, as think, feel, wonder, ask, tell oneself.