- •17.Typology of intonation in English and Ukrainian.
- •II. The Rising Tones:
- •18. Typology of idiomatic and set- expressions.
- •16.The structure of a complex sentence in English.
- •13.The structure of the simple sentence in English.
- •20. Comments on units of language and their levels .
- •25. The tense system of the English verb.
- •29.The category of voice in English.
- •11.Stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary.
- •27.English phraseology. Classifications of phraseological units.
- •4.Classification of functional styles in English.
- •10.The syllabic structure of English,the rules of syllable division.
- •15.Classification of homonyms.
- •6.Classification of synonyms and antonyms.
- •1.Synonyms proper
- •8.The intonation system of English.
- •9. Types of narration in English.
- •24. The phonological aspect of English speech sounds and modification of phonemes in speech.
- •12. The subject of contrastive typology and its notions. Kinds and methods of topological investigation.
6.Classification of synonyms and antonyms.
Synonyms – 2 or more words belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable in some contexts. These words are distinguished by different meaning, connotation and stylistic features. Several words, belonging to the same part of speech, constitute the synonymic group.Eg.: beautiful- pleasant, wonderful. Among synonyms there is a word, which is called dominant member, which possesses the highest frequency in use and plays important role in communication.
According to the difference of denotational and connotational components of meaning synonyms are classified into:
I.Ideographic synonyms, which differ in denotational component, between which semantic difference can be observed.: fame- glory- repute.
Among ideographic synonyms we distinguish:
Very close in meaning : horrible – terrible;
Differ in meaning considerably: translator – interpreter
Differ in manner of the action: to look/to eye/to gaze/to peep
Differ in degree of a given quality, in the intensity of the action performed, intensity of emotions.: to want – to desire
Denote the same thing but differ in emotional colouring: small – little, big – great
Differ in the volume of the concept they express:illness/disease/indisposition/malady
Pairs of synonyms when one expresses continuity of action or state, to other – elementary action: to speak – to say; to hear – to listen.
II. Stylistic synonyms – differ in connotational component, in all kinds of emotional, expressive and evaluative overtones.: doctor – doc; it is - it‘s.
According to criterion of interchangeability in linguistic context we distinguish:
1.Relative s. – which can substitute one another only in some contexts: to ask/ to beg
2.Total s. – which can replace each other in any given context: physician/ doctor
According to criterion of context synonyms are classified into:
1.Synonyms proper
2.Contextual s. – similar in meaning only under some specific conditions. Eg.:I have bought a ticket – I have got a ticket.
Antonyms – words which are different in sound form and characterized by semantic polarity of their denotational meaning: hot – cold; good – bad. Antonyms are classified into:
1.Absolute (root) are diametrically opposite in meaning and remain antonyms in any word combinations: active – passive; white – black.
2.Derivational antonyms are formed with the help negative affixes:a) prefixes: - un;-in(ir,il);
b)suffixes: - full, -ness.
Antonyms may be:
1.Proper – the semantic polarity is relative, the opposition is gradual, it may include several elements characterized by different degree of the same property: large-little, small;
2.Complementaries – are words characterized only by a binary opposition, which may have only 2 members: male – female, prose – poetry.
3.Conversives – are words, which denote one and the same referent as viewed from different point of view – that of the subject and that of the object.: He gave her flowers. – She received flowers from him.