- •Международных отношений (у) мид рф
- •Кафедра английского языка № 2
- •Основы политической системы сша The Way They Run America москва
- •Introduction
- •Checks and balances
- •In american government president Executive Branch
- •Supreme court and other federal courts
- •Congress Legislative Branch
- •Text 2 Congressional organization
- •Text 3 How a Bill becomes a Law
- •Text 4 What is the role of the lobbyist?
- •For your information… Growth of the United States original thirteen states
- •Read the text “The Constitution” on page __. Do the task which follows the text.
- •Read the extract from The Brethren by John Grisham on page __. Do the task which follows the text.
- •Read the article “The Human Side of Congress” on page __. Do the task which follows the text.
- •The executive
- •The Government of the United States
- •Text 1 The Administration
- •Impeachment
- •For your information…
- •Read the excerpt from “America and Americans” by j. Steinbeck on page __ and do the tasks which follow the text.
- •Read “The Full Text of President Clinton’s tv Address” on page ___ and answer the questions.
- •Read the excerpt from “The Moneychangers” by Arthur Hailey on page __ and answer the questions. Unit 3 the judiciary
- •Justice of the peace courts
- •Street Law. A Course in Practical Law The Adversary System
- •Judges and Juries
- •Lawyers
- •When Do You Need a Lawyer?
- •For your information…
- •Unit 4 the elections
- •The Announcement
- •(Spring) Nominating conventions
- •And primary elections
- •(Summer) National Conventions
- •The Campaign
- •(November) Election Day
- •(December / January) Electoral College Process
- •(January 20) Inauguration
- •What is the difference between popular vote and electoral vote?
- •Which type of vote elects a president?
- •College bound?
- •Everything you ever wanted to know about the Electoral College system - and now have to ask
- •By Matthew Cooper
- •Q. So these electors, who are they?
- •Q. When and how do they vote?
- •Q. Can electors vote how they please?
- •Q. We know it’s the new House that votes. But is it the new Senate?
- •Q. The President pro tempore of the Senate?
- •For your information… Televised Debates: How it All Started …
- •Reader the constitution a New Nation
- •The Constitution and the Bill of Rights
- •The brethren by j. Grisham (an extract)
- •The human side of congress Representative Jim Wright
- •The full text of president
- •How does Bill Clinton’s tv address correspond with John Steinbeck’s description of Americans’ attitude towards their Presidents?
- •By Arthur Hailey
- •By forum easters
- •Rage of angels
- •By Sidney Sheldon
- •By Mark Twain
- •Bibliography
Text 3 How a Bill becomes a Law
Read the text and answer the following questions.
Who originates bills?
What are the steps in the law-making process in both chambers?
What happens to bills during committee hearings?
What are the main types of votes in Congress?
How do the House and the Senate work out their differences on a bill?
What choices does a President have when a bill reaches the White House?
Either house - the Senate or the House of Representatives may offer a bill (but only the House proposes finance bills). All bills are immediately referred to a legislative committee. The committee responsible for a particular bill holds hearings on it. Experts appear before the committee and offer suggestions and opinions about the bill. After the hearings, the committee reports its recommendations to the House. If a committee chooses not to consider the bill, the bill dies.
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Delaying tactics (filibuster, riders) The Senate’s smaller size results in fewer bills and simpler rules. The 100 members guard one right jealously - the tradition of unlimited debate. On occasion, a senator or group of senators uses unlimited debate to keep the Senate from voting on a bill. This tactic is known as a filibuster. In order to keep the floor, senators must remain standing and speak continuously. The senator reads novels, newspapers, recipes, and other unrelated materials to a nearly empty chamber. Exhausted senators often yield the floor to other members of the filibuster team in order to gain time for a quick nap. This delaying tactic can go on and on and on. A filibuster against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 lasted three months before it was ended. The Senate can end a filibuster by invoking the closure rule. Despite the frustration caused by filibusters, the Senate rarely votes for closure. Most senators vote against closure motions because the next filibuster might be their own. The filibuster is a delaying tactic available only to Senators. Members of Congress often use amendments as a way of delaying action on a bill they oppose. Amendments meant to delay a bill are often tacked on as riders - amendments that have little or no relation to the main bill. Members who might have voted for the bill may withdraw their support because they object to the riders. In addition, each rider must be debated. |
Following the committee action the bill is debated on the floor of each house. Then the vote is taken. A voice vote involves a general chorus of “ayes” and “nayes”. The chairperson decides which side has the majority. If a member questions the result, a rising vote may be called for. In this case the presiding officer “counts heads” when the members stand to support or oppose the bill. Most lawmakers prefer voice votes and rising votes because no public record is kept of how they voted. If one-fifth of the members present demand it, the presiding officer calls for a roll-call vote, when each vote is recorded separately. In the Senate, a clerk reads the Senators’ names one at a time and records their votes. In the House an electronic system replaced the roll call in 1973. If a bill is defeated in either house, it dies. If the House of Representatives and the Senate approve similar bills with some different provisions, both bills go to a conference committee, in which selected legislators work to adjust the differences.
A bill passed in one House is called an “engrossed bill” (отредактированный законопроект, принятый одной из палат), and the final authoritative copy of a bill passed by both Houses and signed by their presiding officers is called “enrolled bill” (окончательный проект закона для представления на утверждение президента).
The bill becomes law following one or several steps by the president. He may approve the bill and sign it; he may sign the bill with a statement expressing his disapproval; or he may simply not sign the bill, in which case it automatically becomes law after ten days. But if the president wants to prevent the bill from becoming law, he vetoes it. But the proposal may still become law if two thirds of each house of Congress vote for it, thus overriding, or defeating the president’s veto. When a president puts a bill into his “pocket” and holds it until Congress adjourns, the bill dies. Known as a “pocket veto”, this action has several advantages. For one thing, it allows a President to veto a bill without announcing the reasons for the veto. More important, the pocket veto makes it unnecessary for a President to spend political capital to sustain a veto in Congress.
Task 1. Find in the text the English for:
передавать законопроект на рассмотрение в комитет палаты;
рассматривать законопроект;
одобрить и подписать законопроект;
наложить вето на законопроект;
преодолеть президентское вето;
окончание работы Конгресса, перерывы между сессиями.
Section 2. Glossary
to vest power (in) to vest smb with [usually passive] |
облекать властью |
to levy taxes |
облагать налогами, взимать налоги |
to appropriate |
ассигновать |
bicameral |
двухпалатный |
odd-numbered even-numbered |
нечетный четный |
regular session |
очередная сессия |
special (extraordinary) session |
специальная (чрезвычайная) сессия |
to be in session |
заседать |
transaction of business |
ведение дел |
to convene / to call Congress, session |
созывать Конгресс, сессию |
under standing order |
согласно существующему регламенту/порядку |
majority leader |
лидер большинства |
minority leader |
лидер меньшинства |
to be in the minority/majority |
быть в меньшинстве/большинстве зд. о политической партии в Конгрессе |
to keep a check on |
осуществлять контроль за… |
caucus |
совещание фракции Конгресса (чаще демократической) |
bill |
законопроект |
pertaining to |
относящийся к |
to introduce a bill/ to originate a bill |
вносить законопроект на рассмотрение палаты |
to draw a bill |
составлять (формулировать) законопроект |
to recall a bill |
отклонять законопроект |
standing committee |
постоянный комитет |
special committee/ conference committee |
согласительный комитет |
to stand for election |
баллотироваться; зд. подлежать (пере)избранию |
term of office |
срок пребывания на посту, срок полномочий |
to hold office |
занимать пост |
to expire |
истекать (о сроке) |
to preside |
председательствовать, выполнять функции председателя |
President of the Senate |
председатель Сената |
president pro tempore |
председатель pro tempore (лат).; временный председатель Сената |
constituents |
избиратели |
power of recognition |
право предоставлять слово |
to recognize smb. |
предоставлять слово кому-либо |
to keep track (of) |
следить за (ходом дел и т.п.) |
tie vote |
равное количество голосов, поданных «за» и «против» |
close vote |
почти одинаковое число голосов “за” и “против” при голосовании |
division |
голосование (путем вставания) |
tellers |
счетчики |
roll call |
поименное голосование |
to adjourn |
объявлять перерыв между сессиями |
to veto legislation/ a bill |
наложить вето на законопроект |
to override the president’s veto |
преодолеть президентское вето |