Тема 2 случаи отступления от прямого порядка слов в английском предложении
Изменение порядка слов (без использования дополнительных элементов) называется инверсией, при которой выделяемое слово выносится в начало предложения без нарушения при этом грамматических связей между словами.
При инверсии в начало предложения выносится дополнение, сказуемое, смысловая часть сказуемого, обстоятельство (табл. 3).
Таблица 3
Член предложения |
Пример |
Дополнение
|
The article he decided to publish in the international journal. |
Сказуемое |
In Table 3 are given the examples. |
Cмысловая часть сложного сказуемого (выраженная прилагательным, причастием I, причастием II, существительным с предлогом |
Remaining to be discussed is the main problem. |
Обстоятельство в начале предложения, выраженное словами only, never, rarely, nowhere, not only … but, hardly … when, neither …nor. |
Only then does the action not lead to imbalance. |
Особенности перевода на русский язык:
В случае вынесения дополнения в начало предложения при переводе рекомендуется сохранить порядок слов, добавив усиливающее слово «именно», например:
This mistake we observed in all his works.
Именно эту ошибку мы наблюдали во всех его работах.
В случае вынесения сказуемого в начало предложения при переводе также рекомендуется сохранить порядок слов, например:
In the vacuum was a new sample.
В вакууме находился новый образец.
В случае вынесения смысловой части сказуемого в начало предложения перевод следует начинать с обстоятельства (если оно есть), а смысловую часть сказуемого перенести к глаголу be, например:
Important in this case is statistics.
В данном случае большое значение имеют статистические данные.
В случае инверсии, вызванной наречиями и союзными словами (only, never, rarely, nowhere, not only … but, hardly … when, neither …nor) рекомендуется сохранить порядок слов, например:
Never does it lead to considerable changes. Это никогда не приводит к значительным изменениям. We could not identify the sample. Neither could we make the experiment once more. Мы не смогли определить образец. А также мы не смогли провести эксперимент еще раз.
(Рубцова М. Г., с. 12 – 19)
Практические задания
ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Переведете устно предложения. В каких предложениях наблюдается
инверсия?
It is a wide usage of high quality photos and images that add a great deal of visual interest to a design. 2. Never in this case can we observe the changes. 3. This agreement they achieved during the meeting. 4. It is Maths he is interested in. 5. This event does take place in this region. 6. Particularly relevant in the solving of these issues are some concepts. 7. It is the English language that is the language of business, commerce and technology. 8. Сompletely international now are Science and medicine. 9. Some of these locations did appear on the maps of that era. 10. It is by this means that we can solve this problem. 11. Ideas the students had very many.12. It was the day when Sun Microsystems was supposed to rise again. 13. Only in this book do the authors solve this problem thoroughly. 14. It was not until the beginning of the year that the government proposed a new law project. 15. In this book are presented the most debated issues.
ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Переведете письменно предложения. Какие виды инверсии в них используются?
With neither the euro nor the yean yet ready to usurp it, the dollar will not quickly lose its status. 2. Having worked as a digital publishing specialist at a large corporation at my previous job, I did not think being in charge of foreign language typesetting would be too difficult. After all, the layout and the images are already prepared and I only need to flow in the text .Was I ever wrong! Through experience, I've discovered that foreign language typesetting can be very challenging. 3. Of great importance nowadays is the theory for the practice. 4. Not only will this make your work easier and more consistent, it will also help the foreign partners. 5. The study indicates that the spread of a product by word of mouth – what the authors call "contagion" – can and does happen over social networks. 6. One lesson from the crisis is that the closer firms are to the financial system, the better the chance of receiving a handout. 7. Not only has there been rapid growth in world trade, but it has taken place in an environment where the support facilities are readily available from other trading nations. 8. Very little they have published in the literature about translation studies and globalization, which is of course highly overdue. 9. In any event, countries that are concerned about inequality of incomes within their countries can, and do, address it through government policies. 10. Supporting them in that difficult situation were the army, the police and the government.
ЗАДАНИЕ 3. Переведете письменно предложения, используя различные виды отступления от прямого порядка слов, а также усилительные конструкции.
Именно этот алгоритм будет использоваться для решения уравнений. 2. Вы можете использовать только эту книгу. 3. Особую важность в данной ситуации имеет продолжительность ответа. 4. Несмотря на все недостатки, представленная теория все же может использоваться в научных исследованиях. 5. В данной книге излагаются не только теоретические положения, но также анализируются примеры из нашей практики. 6. Его поддерживали все работники предприятия. 7. Такая ошибка все же встречается в работе оборудования. 8. Радио было изобретено именно в России. 9. Для проведения эксперимента ученые использовали именно этот прибор. 10. Именно этот подход используется в его исследовании.
ЗАДАНИЕ 4. Выполните письменный перевод текста. В каких предложениях наблюдается инверсия?
Translation Theory
The
study
of
proper
principle
of translation is termed as translation theory. This theory, based on
a solid foundation on understanding of how languages work,
translation theory recognizes that different languages encode meaning
in differing forms.
Not only does translation theory include principles for translating figurative language but dealing with lexical mismatches, rhetorical questions, inclusion of cohesion markers, and many other topics crucial to good translation. Basically there are two competing theories of translation. In one, the main purpose is to express as exactly as possible the meaning of every word and turn of phrase in the original, and in the other the main purpose is to produce a result that does not read like a translation at all.
Conventionally, it is suggested that in order to perform their job successfully, translators should meet three important requirements:
the source language
the target language
the subject matter
The translator discovers the meaning behind the forms in the source language and does his best to produce the same meaning in the target language – using the forms and structures of the target language. Consequently, the meaning we should preserve in translation.
It was not until 1540 that the following fundamental principles of translation, usually regarded as providing rules of thumb for the practicing translator, were formulated by French translator and humanist Étienne Dolet.
The translator should understand perfectly the content and intention of the author whom he is translating. It is reading all the sentences or the text completely that can give the idea that you want to say in the target language because the more clearly and natural the translator’s language the more qualitative the translation is.
The translator should have a perfect knowledge of the language from which he is translating. Neither can the importance of an excellent knowledge of the target language be overestimated. As the deficiency of the knowledge of both languages will result in a translation without logic and sense.
The translator should avoid the tendency to translate word by word, because doing so does destroy the meaning of the original and to ruin the beauty of the expression.
(по материалам сайта www.translationdirectory.com)