Тема 12 герундий

Герундий представляет собой неличную глагольную форму, выражающую название действия и обладающую, как свойствами существительного, так и свойствами глагола. В русском языке соответствующая форма отсутствует. Герундий обозначает действия, процессы, состояния и образуется прибавлением суффикса -ing к основе глагола, например:

to read (читать) – reading (чтение)

to consider(рассматривать) – considering (рассмотрение)

Т.к. герундий обладает свойствами глагола, он может употребляться в формах Indefinite и Perfect в действительном и страдательном залоге (табл.15).

Формы герундия

Таблица 15

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	asking	being asked
Perfect	having asked	having been asked

Особенности перевода на русский язык

В зависимости от функции в предложении герундий может переводиться на русский

язык существительным, инфинитивом, глаголом в личной форме (табл. 16).

Таблица 16

№ п/п	Функция в предложении	Способ перевода	Пример
1	Подлежащее	Существительное	Running long distances requires much training. Бег на длинные дистанции требует хорошей тренировки.
2	Именная часть составного сказуемого	Существительное	My favourite form of rest is reading. Мой любимый вид отдыха — чтение.
3	Прямое дополнение	Инфинитив	I like reading books. Я люблю читать книги.
4	Предложное дополнение	Глагол в личной форме в придаточном предложении	I heard of his being sent to the South. Я слышал о том, что его посылают на юг. He thought of going to the theatre. Он думал о том, чтобы пойти в театр.
5	Определение (обычно с предлогами of, for)	Существительное	I like his method of teaching. Мне нравится его метод преподавания.
6	Обстоятельство	Глагол в личной форме в придаточном предложении, либо деепричастием	1. After working at some plant you will know your speciality better. После того как вы поработаете на заводе, вы лучше овладеете своей специальностью. 2. You can’t learn English well without practicing every day. Вы не сможете овладеть английским хорошо, не практикуясь каждый день.

Практические задания

ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Переведете устно предложения. Определите функции герундия.

1. In addition to having sent his partner all necessary documents he telephoned him twice a day. 2. He wrote a letter in which he thanked John for giving him a chance to make a photo of that rare bird last Monday. 3. I remember meeting him for the first time five years ago. 4. Jake completely forgot buying two pounds of sugar the day before. 5. The method of carrying out the operation is well known. 6. Before carrying out the operation one should study all the instructions. 7. I have problems with listening to other people. 8. Many people avoid walking under ladders, as this is believed to bring bad luck. 9. He regretted now having written this letter. 10. I remember having been shown the letter. 11. He was proud of having been elected chairman. 12. His having obtained a residue at such a temperature was a great success. 13. Their aim was collecting all the necessary data. 14. Their having crossed the river caused a great surprise. 15. The bridge having been repaired so quickly surprised us very much. 16. I knew nothing about the recent happenings. 17. In carrying out the plan of launching an artificial satellite our scientists had to solve many difficult problems. 18. We know of wood having been used as structural material in prehistoric times. 19. Breaking a mirror results in seven years of bad luck and if you spill salt, you must throw a pinch of it over your left shoulder immediately.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Переведете предложения письменно. Определите функции герундия и способы его перевода.

1. The question is answered in part by studying the behaviour of the optimal strategy for the task described here. 2. It is worthwhile reconsidering this case as well as adding another even more impressive example. 3. Up to the present moment, several writers have succeeded in finding exact solution of the fundamental problems in certain particular cases. 4. This justifies our coming here. 5. Programming a computer involves analysing the problem to be solved and a plan to solve it. 6. Today we cannot help witnessing a tendency in science to direct the collective efforts of a research team at the achievement of a common goal. 7. The opening words of this curious treaty are worthy of being recorded. 8. He died without leaving either a personal or political will. 9. Trying to minimize the importance of the discovery was of no use. 10. Life is a matter of making wise choices – of knowing when to draw the line. 11. This problem owes its fame to looking easy but being hard.12. Some scientists argue that these considerations are incompatible with our decision being random. 13. Learning without thought is labour lost, thought without learning is perilous (Confucius). 14. From here on, the theory starts evaluating the various alternatives of action in terms of the objectives. 15. Besides being useful in general interpolation technique, the procedure can be effectively used to approximate the first coefficients of F.

(Рубцова М. Г., упр. 33, с. 346 – 247)

ЗАДАНИЕ 3. Переведете письменно предложения.

1. Вы можете помочь ему тем, что поддержите его. 2. Выполнение этой операции очень важно. 3. Ты не можешь сделать это без чьей-либо посторонней помощи. 4. Мы опоздали на самолет из-за того, что попали в пробку на дороге. 5. Все будет зависеть от того, придут ли они вовремя. 6. Oн был благодарен за то, что его пригласили. 7. Мы преодолели эту трудность путем рассмотрения всех стратегий. 8. Она рассказывала свою историю друзьям, не останавливаясь. 9. Он любит, когда его приглашают его друзья и родственники. 10. Я настаиваю на том, чтобы вы пошли туда сейчас. 11. Заключив контракт, представитель фирмы уехал из Москвы.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4. Выполните письменный перевод текста. Какие функции выполняет герундий?

Stop Smoking Without Putting on Weight

A ccording to Deborah Lycett, consultant dietitian and researcher at the University of Birmingham, people gain on average 5kg (11lbs) in the year after they stop smoking.

But she urges prospective quitters not to let the prospect of weight gaining deter them in their goal. She points out that the benefits of stopping smoking more than make up for the negatives of putting on weight. Although you may have gained a few pounds, you've stopped smoking and taken a big step toward a healthier life.

“It’s natural to be worried about putting on weight, but the health risks from this weight gaining are far less than if you were to continue smoking,” says Deborah. “The priority is to give up smoking rather than worrying about putting on weight. You can tackle the weight gain later.” There is very little evidence that weight gaining leads to a relapse in people who have given up smoking, she adds.

Deborah Lycett recommends these steps to avoid weight gain after quitting:

Doing more exercise. Regular exercise may prevent about half the weight gain expected after a year of quitting smoking. It burns off calories and reduces cravings for cigarettes. Build up to at least 150 minutes (two-and-a-half hours) of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, such as fast walking, swimming or cycling, every week. Moderate-intensity activity means working hard enough to make you breathe more heavily than normal and feel slightly warmer than usual. The more exercise you do, the more calories you'll burn.

Useing stop-smoking medicines. Stop-smoking medicines such as nicotine-replacement therapy and the prescription tablets Zyban (bupropion) and Champix (varenicline) can double your chances of quitting successfully and also seem to help reduce weight gain in the first few months.

Postponing your diet. Studies suggest it’s better to tackle stopping smoking first before trying to lose any weight gained while quitting. If you’re really worried about putting on weight, ask your GP to refer you to a dietitian for a dietary plan tailored to your individual needs. This plan will guide you on how much to eat, based on your current weight, age, gender and activity level, and stop you gaining more weight.

(по материалам сайта www. nhs.uk)