- •Ленинградский государственный университет им. А.С. Пушкина о.И. Просянникова Learn to Render and Summarize
- •Text 1. Benefits of Playing Sports
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Give English equivalents to the following word combinations
- •Give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations
- •Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Comprehension exercises
- •Match the headlines with the paragraphs. Prove your choice using the key words from the paragraph.
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Have a talk based on the text.
- •State the main idea of the text, identify the most important details, organize and outline ideas, putting them in a logical order, write down a summary.
- •Text 2. Sports Injuries can Affect Long-Term Health for Short-Term Gains
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Give English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Comprehension exercises
- •Have a talk based on the text.
- •Match the headlines with the paragraphs. Prove your choice using the key words from the paragraph.
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •State the main idea of the text, identify the most important details, organize and outline ideas, putting them in a logical order, write down a summary.
- •Text 1. Global Warming
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Translate into English using the words from the text:
- •Comprehension exercises
- •Have a talk based on the text.
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Identify the main idea of the text, make up a title for each paragraph and make a summary of the text. Text 2. Ecological Problems
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Comprehension exercises
- •Have a talk based on the text.
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Identify the main idea of the text, make up a title for each paragraph and make a summary of the text.
- •Text 1.
- •7 Most Important Interior Design Principles
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations :
- •Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Comprehension exercises
- •Have a talk based on the text.
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •State the main idea of the text, identify the most important details, organize and outline ideas, putting them in a logical order, write down a summary.
- •Text 2. Choose a Dining Room Rug to Complement Your Dining Furniture
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •Give English equivalents of the following word combinations :
- •Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Comprehension exercises
- •Have a talk based on the text.
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •III. Identify the main idea of the text, make up a title for each paragraph and make a summary of the text.
- •Variety and variation
- •Text 1.
- •5 Considerations Before Starting a Business
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Comprehension exercises
- •Have a talk based on the text.
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •State the main idea of the text, identify the most important details, organize and outline ideas, putting them in a logical order, write down a summary.
- •Text 2. A Holistic Approach to Secure Enterprise Mobility
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations :
- •Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Comprehension exercises
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Have a talk based on the text.
- •State the main idea of the text, identify the most important details, organize and outline ideas, putting them in a logical order, write down a summary.
- •Text 1. Politics and Power
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Comprehension exercises
- •Have a talk based on the text.
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •State the main idea of the text, identify the most important details, organize and outline ideas, putting them in a logical order, write down a summary.
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •II.Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
- •Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Comprehension exercises
- •Have a talk based on the text.
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Identify the main idea of the text, make up a title for each paragraph and make a summary of the text.
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Give Russian equivalents of the following words and expressions:
- •Give English equivalents of the following words and expressions:
- •Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •Comprehension exercises
- •Have a talk based on the text.
- •Complete the following sentences using the text:
- •Identify the main idea of the text, make up a title for each paragraph and make a summary of the text.
Ленинградский государственный университет им. А.С. Пушкина о.И. Просянникова Learn to Render and Summarize
Практикум по реферированию для магистров
Санкт-Петербург
2015
ББК Печатается по решению редакционно- издательского совета ЛГУ им. А.С. Пушкина
Рецензенты: И.П. Цветова, кандидат филологических наук, доцент
(АОУ ВПО «Ленинградский государственный университет»)
кандидат филологических наук, доцент
Настоящее пособие предназначено для самостоятельной работы магистрантов и аспирантов, обучающихся по различным специальностям. Цель настоящего пособия – развитие навыков реферирования и аннотирования иноязычной литературы по специальности, умения компрессионно излагать информации в виде реферата, реферативного перевода, резюме, аннотации. В пособии содержатся тексты по таким специальностям как история, дизайн, физическая культура и спорт, экономика, и задания к ним, направленные на развитие способности пользоваться базовой и специальной лексикой и основной терминологией по направлению подготовки. Упражнения позволяют осуществлять контроль понимания основного содержания научного иноязычного текста в рамках своей специальности. В пособии приводится информация о видах и структуре рефератов и аннотаций, даются методические рекомендации по их составлению. языковые клише и слова, используемые для составления рефератов и аннотаций.
Введение
Беспрецедентный рост потока информации привел к возникновению проблемы грамотного ознакомления с информацией, а также вызвал необходимость в умении правильно ориентироваться в ней и обрабатывать ее. Магистранты и аспиранты, занимаясь научно-исследовательской деятельностью, непосредственно сталкиваются с огромным количеством источников, которые представляют литературу по специальности, в частности на иностранном языке. Для работы с такими источниками необходимы навыки чтения и перевода, а также умение найти нужную информацию, отобрать ее и в дальнейшем воспользоваться полученными данными из иноязычных источников. Источниками информации являются статьи в научных журналах, монографии, справочники, Интернет-ресурсы. Важно быстро и правильно найти информацию, обработать ее, дать оценку. Для этого надо обладать не только навыками чтения и перевода, но и редактирования. Таким образом, важным становится умение реферировать, кратко излагать содержание прочитанного, составлять аннотацию.
Аннотация и реферат передают основное содержание полученной информации и представляют собой максимально обобщенный материал по источнику, в частности статьи. Необходимо помнить, что и аннотация и реферат, несмотря на максимальное сокращение объема, должны сохранять основное содержание прочитанного.
Реферирование оригинального источника предполагает освобождение от различного рода примеров, второстепенных фактов и различных пояснений. Информация, извлекаемая в ходе реферирования, должна содержать основные вопросы источника, материал, которым можно воспользоваться для ссылок в научной работе. В зависимости от цели реферирования различаются рефераты-конспекты и рефераты – резюме. В рефератах-конспектах материал излагается полнее, цитаты представлены точнее, приводятся выводы. Такая работа с источником позволит в полной мере использовать материал для цитирования. Реферат представляет собой вторичный текст по отношению к оригиналу, должен обладать связностью, логикой и точностью изложения. Возможна оценка материала составителем реферата, чтобы отметить значимость первоисточника для собственной научной работы.
Для успешного реферирования необходимо следующее:
правильно перевести текст с иностранного языка,
затем применить членение текста,
установить тема-рематическую связь параграфов,
определить ключевые слова, словосочетания и предложения,
сократить и упростить сложные предложения,
перефразировать предложения и словосочетания.
Аннотация, как правило, несет предельно сжатую информацию и констатирует затронутые в источнике проблемы, поэтому она не может заменить первоисточник. Цель аннотации – помочь исследователю сориентироваться в необходимости дальнейшего использования данного источника в своей исследовательской работе. Аннотации могут быть справочными, описательными и рекомендательными. При написании аннотации следует избегать сложных конструкций, а писать просто и кратко. Объем аннотации, как правило, составляет не более 600 печатных знаков. В аннотации должна быть определена тема и перечислены затронутые в первоисточнике вопросы. Для того чтобы справиться с аннотацией надо обладать навыками обобщать и грамотно сворачивать смысл. Составляя аннотацию, сначала определите предмет или основную тему, которые чаще всего звучат в названии, и далее развиваются в первом абзаце. Просматривая текст, выделите основные вопросы и представьте их в виде перечня. Обязательно обратите внимание на выводы автора, в них содержится квинтэссенция написанного. При составлении реферата воспользуйтесь словами и языковыми клише, которые помогут грамотно представить отреферированный материал.
Professional Tips on Writing Top Summary of the Text
Summarizing is far different from paraphrasing or rewording; your summary should be original, accurate and 100% well written. Summarizing a text is one of the most daunting tasks that majority often struggles given that this relies on your ability to communicate what the author is trying to say. There are many guidelines that you have to keep in mind if you want to make sure that your summary will be of top quality. The first thing that you should do is to read numerously the text until you completely understand the whole ideas presented in the text. By understanding the gist of what the entire article is all about, you will be able to effectively communicate the main topics to your readers. When it comes to summarizing a text, it is crucial that you can answer to main questions like what, why, where, when and how. The quality of your summary basically depends on your ability to tell the story as it is without adding in your personal ideas or comments.
Remember that your summary should not only include the main topics but be sure to effectively select also supporting ideas and details that will enable you to establish the relevance of the topics you included. A good summary must highlight accurate and important details in which will provide your readers’ better understanding on what the text is all about. Another helpful tip when summarizing a text is that you should be able to carefully select the words that you will use. As much as possible, keep it simple, direct to the point and well written. Focus on conveying the information instead of trying to impress your audience with flowery words. Also, it helps for you to tell the story but avoiding terminologies and jargons that your readers are unfamiliar with. Read and reread your summary several times as for you to determine which areas needs improvement. The summary of the text should be flawless and 100% original as to guarantee its overall excellence.
Best Tips on How to Summarize Journal Articles Easily
There are many things that you should consider when you are summarizing a journal article especially that you have to include all the main ideas. The first thing to do is to read carefully everything, do not just skim through the content but you have to read it with the intent to understand. To help you make it easier to write a good summary, you can write down crucial information as you read through the summary. You can also label which details you think are unnecessary and you should avoid thus allowing you to limit the details to its relevance. When you summarize a journal article, it is important that you include a thesis statement; this will enable you to convey what the entire journal article is trying to attain. The main thing to remember when you are writing your summary is that this should be short and include all key points. As much as possible, avoid unnecessary information and stick only to what you think is relevant as for your readers to understand what the journal article is all about.
It is okay to write numerous versions of your summary; by brainstorming and organizing ideas, you will be able to narrow the information to its relevance. You should update your draft constantly as this will allow you to create an organized summary of the journal article. Do not simply focus on the content of your summary but also its structure, format and even the flow of ideas. Remember that you should be able to recognize the importance of your summary as for you to effectively write a good and condensed version of the journal article. The most important tip on how to summarize a journal article is that you should avoid adding your opinion and interpretations into the summary. Bear in mind that the main purpose of writing your summary is to accurately present what the author would like to say and not offer a critique.
How to Write a Summary
When you would like to make a summary, it is essential to know what the right methods are or perfect tips on how to write summary so that you will not have a hard time. Summary means that you will shorten the book or article. In other words, you are giving detailed but short information to the reader about the book you have read.
Read the book or the article and make sure you understand it.
Outline the book and take not about the major points
Make your first draft without talking a look about the article
When you are on the process of how to write summary, make sure you do some paraphrasing. Never copy what is the original phrase instead paraphrase it.
Make sure that when you have your first draft, it is ¼ of the original book.
Features of how to write summary
One of the important things on how to write a summary is about clarity together with the identification of the author, title and main point.
One you know the steps how to write a good summary, it is better if you check your outline and the original one. Check if you covered all the important points.
It is also important that you will never put your own ideas because you are not making a review but a summary. Make sure you are careful n the word you are using.
Make sure you perfectly inform to the reader that what’s they are reading is only a summary of book or article.
At the beginning of your summary, create complete bibliographic citation which includes title of work, author and source.
These how to write a short summary steps are very helpful for you so that you no longer need to ask other people. In fact, you can make a good summary by doing your best and taking time in reading the original book. Finally, if you still want to learn more on how to write a brief summary, there are many articles that you can check online.
Summary Writing Tips
When it comes to summary writing tips, there are lots you can choose. You can use all of them or only use some that will help you. If you have good summary, many people will understand it. They no longer need to spend time in reading and understanding your writing.
Read the paper so that you get the general idea. Do not worry with the unfamiliar words because it is not important. Sometimes, it’s not important to understand the text but what essential is to get the main idea.
Read the paper again because it helps you to get more details and increase your understanding.
Avoid giving much information because you are making a summary. Do not copy the original text of word; you can paraphrase so that you don’t have a hard time.
Only give one answer.
Make sure you perfectly identify the information
Gather all the ideas and combined them.
Always remember that summary writing is not about writing skills. It is about reading so spend time in reading the paper.
The task of summary writing tips is easy. It does not take you hours to come up with a final outcome. If you completely understand the guidelines about summary writing tips, then you should not worry because you can make a good summary that is appealing.
When you write summary tips, make sure you have ten points. This is enough for contents that are long. Don’t worry too much instead focus only on getting the main points and not on the language. When it comes to summary writing, you need summarizing tips.
You need to have good choice of the ideas
You need to reduce the ideas in a short but important idea.
Omit all the unnecessary details
Executive Summary Tips: Pitfalls to Avoid
Don’t include detail not included on the text
Don’t include nay opinions
Don’t spend too much time in paraphrasing
Dot repeat ideas
Don’t include ideas from other text
When you follow this summary tips, you are assured to have god summary. Even though you do not ask help from other, you can still make good paper by yourself. Lastly, always take time in knowing some summarize tips because this helps you.
Unit I.
Read the text and notes to the paragraphs. Translate the text.