Означальні займенники (defining pronouns)

Займенники all (всі, весь, вся, все); both (обидва); each, every, everybody, everyone (кожний); everything все; either кожний (з двох); another, other (інший) є означальними.

Займенники all і both вживаються як займенники-іменники і займеннихи-прикметники.

У функції означення займенник all вживається перед іменниками в множині в значенні всі, а перед іменниками в однині — в значенні весь, вся, все:

All the pupils were present. - Всі учні були присутні.

We worked there all day. - Ми працювали там увесь день.

Займенник-іменник all може означати все і всі. Залежно від змісту речення дієслово-присудок після all вживається або в однині, або в множині:

All was ready. - Все було готове.

All were present. - Всі були присутні.

Займенник each (кожний) вживається як займенник- іменник і як займенник-прикметник:

Each has his own place. - Кожен має своє місце.

The teacher gave two books to each boy. - Учитель дав кожному хлопцеві по дві книжки.

Займенник every (кожний) відрізняється від each тим що, вживаючи each, мають на увазі кожного зокрема, тоді як every означає кожний в розумінні всі.

На відміну від each, займенник every не вживається без іменника, який іде за ним:

We have six lessons every day. - У нас щодня шість уроків,

Everybody і everyone (кожний, всі) є займенниками-іменниками; вони вживаються в загальному і присвійному відмінках. Якщо вони виконують у реченні роль підмета, дієслово-присудок має форму однини:

Everybody has already come. - Всі вже прийшли.

Everyone was great in today’s match. – Кожен показав себе класно в сьогоднішньому матчі.

Exercise 1. Complete these sentences with all, everything or everybody/everyone.

1 lt was a good party. Everybody had a great time.

2 All I've eaten today is a sandwich.

3 __________________ has their faults. Nobody is perfect.

4 Nothing has changed. ________________. is the same as it was .

5 Kate told me _____________ about her new job. lt sounds quite interesting.

6 Can write their names on a piece of paper, please?

7 Why are you always thinking about money? Money isn 't_______

8 I didn't have much money with me. ____________ I had was ten pounds.

9 When the fire alarm rang, ___________left the building immediately.

10 Sarah didn't say where she was going___________she said was that she was going away.

11 We have completely different opinions. I disagree with ________________ she says.

12 We all did well in the exam. ________________ in our class passed .

13 We all did well in the exam. of us passed.

14 Why are you so lazy? Why do you expect me to do _________________ for you?

Exercise 2. Put in each or every.

1 There were four books on the table. each book was a different colour.

2 The Olympic Games are held every four years.

3 _______________parent worries about their children.

4 In a game of tennis there are two or four players. ________________ player has a racket.

5 Nicola plays volleyball _______ Thursday evening.

6 I understood most of what they said but not _________________ word.

7 The book is divided into five parts and ___________of these has three sections.

8 I get paid ________________four weeks.

9 I called the office two or three times, but _______time it was dosed.

10 Car seat belts save lives. ___________ driver should wear one.

11 A fri end of mine has three children. I always give ____________of them a present at Christmas.

12 (from an exam) Answer all five questions. W rite your answer to ________ question on a separate sheet of paper.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences using each.

1 The price of one of those oranges is 30 pence. The oranges 30 pence each

2 I had ten pounds and so did Sonia. Sonia and I ____________________________________________

3 One of those postcards costs 80 pence. Those _____________________________________________

4 The hotel was expen sive. I paid £150 and so did you . We __________________________________

Exercise 4. Put in everyone (1 word) or every one (2 words).

1 Sarah is invited to a lot of parties and she goes to every one

2 As soon as_______________ had arrived, we began the meeting.

3 I asked her lots of questi ons and she answered ________________correctly.

4 Amy is very popular. __________li kes her.

5 I dropped a tray of glasses. Unfortunately ________________broke.

NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES...............................................................................................................LESSON 29-30

E xercise 1. Read the text and translate into Ukrainian.

We're going to look at the meteor in Britain. We are going to find out about television radio and the Internet. The first what do you know about British newspapers and magazines. The British love their newspapers. To half of the three British people over the age of 50 read newspaper every day. That is about twenty six million people even more people read a paper on Sundays. What do they read?

T he two most popular daily newspapers are the tabloids: The Sun in The Mirror. Over three and a half million people by the Sun every day and over two and a quarter million by The Mirror. In tabloid papers, you will find more gossips more human interest stories more pictures and not very much serious news. These newspapers a larger they called Broadsheets or quality papers. About two million people by the Daily Telegraph and about 700,000 by the Times. There is also the Independent and the Guardian. In these papers, you will find more news most serious articles and fewer pictures.

All together, there are about 130 daily and Sunday papers in Britain some national, some local. There are also over 6,500 different magazines; of course, nowadays not everyone actually buys a newspaper.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer (A, B or C). An example (0) has been done for you.

Over 3.5 million people buy The A (0) Over____ (1) million buy The Daily Mirror. In _______ (2) papers, have more gossips, more human interest stories, more pictures and not very much serious news They have less _______ (3) news. There are newspapers, which are larger also, called_______ (4) papers. 1 million people buy The________ (5). About_______(6) buy The Times. Other broadsheets: The Independent and The_____ (7) Broadsheets have more serious_____ (8) and fewer pictures.

There are ______ (9) daily and Sunday papers in Britain. There are more than ______ (10) magazines in Britain.

	A	B	C
0	sun	son	sung
1	2	2.5	3.5
2	tabloid	magazine	poster
3	serials	series	serious
4	Quality papers	Broadsheets	Worksheets
5	Daily Telegraph	Daily Marathon	Tele Day
6	700.000	7.000	70.000
7	Gardener	Defender	Guardian
8	sparkles	articles	particles
9	out	about	doubt
10	six hundred five thousand	five thousand six hundred	six thousand five hundred

Exercise 1. C omplete these sentences using every with the following:

five minutes ten minutes four hours six months four years

1 The bus service is very good. There's a bus every ten minutes

2 Tom is ill. He has some medicine. He has to take it _______________________________________.

3 The Olympic Games take place________________________________________________________

4 We live near a busy airport. A plane flies over our house____________________________________

5 Martin goes to the dentist for a check-up ________________________________________________

TELEVISION AND INTERNET.....................................................................................................................LESSON 31-32

Exercise 1. Read the text and translate into Ukrainian.

Some people read the newspaper online. Over 75,000 people visit websites every day. A number of people in Britain who use the internet is increasing all the time.

The BBC is the British Broadcasting Corporation. It has five national radio stations, 39 local stations and to terrestrial television channels. The BBC is not commercial. There is no advertising during their programs. British people have to buy television license every year. The BBC uses the money for this to make television and radio programs.

There are three other terrestrial TV channels, there are: ITV that is independent television, channel 4 and channel 5. These are all-commercial and have advertising, of course this satellite and cable TV too. There are many satellite and cable channels.

Three public bodies are responsible for television and radio throughout England. They are: The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), which broadcasts television and radio, programs; The Independent Television Commission (ITC), which licenses and regulates commercial television service including cable, satellite and independent teletext services; The Radio Authority, which licenses and regulates commercial radio services, including cable and satellite. People in Britain watch TV on average 24 hours of every week. Television viewing is Britain's most popular leisure pastime.

There are five main channels in Britain: two national commercial-free BBC networks, BBC1 and BBC2, and the commercial ITV1, Channel 4 and Channel 5 services. The BBC channels are commercial free while the other three have commercials. All the channels offer a mixture of drama, light entertainment, films, sport, educational, children’s and religious programs, news and current affairs, and documentaries. The BBC has been providing regular television broadcasts since 1936.

ITV is the most popular commercial television channel in Britain, watched by 45 million people every week.

Exercise 2. Give the full names of the television services:

BBC–______________________________________________________________________________

ITV– _______________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. Classify the mass media companies

C – commercial NC – not commercial

1) The BBC

2) ITV

3) Channel 4

4) Channel 5

Exercise 4. Find equivalents in the text.

1. related to business and the buying and selling of goods and services - commercial

2. broadcast from the Earth rather than from a satellite –

3. in every part of a particular area, place, country –

4. neither very good nor very bad –

5. the activity or business of advertising things on television, in newspapers –

6. something that is enjoyable or interesting -