Зворотні займенники (the reflexive pronouns)

Зворотні займенники утворюються від присвійних займенників — my, your, our, та особових займенників в об’єктному відмінку — him, her, it, them, шляхом додавання закінчення -self (в однині) та -selves (у множині).

однина множина

1. особа — myself (сам (а)) 1 особа — ourselves (самі)

2. особа — yourself (сам (а)) 2 особа — yourselves (самі)

3. особа — himself (сам) 3 особа — themselves (самі)

herself (сама)

itself (сам (о))

Неозначено-особова форма — oneself (хтось сам).

Особливості:

1. На відміну від особових займенників друга особа в однині — yourself (сам) має окрему форму у множині — yourselves (самі).

2. Наголос у зворотніх займенниках падає на другу половину сло­ва -self або -selves.

3. Після дієслів: to wash (вмиватися), to dress (одягатися), to shave (голитися), to bathe (купатися), to hide (ховатися) зворотні іменники часто пропускаються:

I washed, shaved and dressed. - Я помився, поголився та одягнувся.

4. Зворотній займенник oneself вживається в неозначено-особових реченнях, або із інфінітивом дієслова:

One can buy it oneself. - Можна купити це самому.

Зворотні займенники перекладаються:

• Англійські зворотні займенники відповідають українському зворотньому займеннику себе у різних відмінках:

She talks a lot about herself. - Вона багато говорить про себе.

I told myself that I had to do that. - Я сказав собі, що я повинен зробити це.

• Деякі дієслова зі зворотніми займенниками після них перекла­даються на українську мову зворотніми дієсловами на -ся(сь), щоб показати що дія переходить на саму діючу особу:

He hurt himself. - Він поранився.

• Але, якщо в українському варіанті перед зворотнім займенни­ком себе неможна підставити словосполучення самого себе, то замість зворотнього займенника треба вживати особовий займенник в об’єктному відмінку:

I don’t want anything for myself. -Я нічого не хочу для себе (самого себе).

I heard somebody’s steps behind me. - Я почув чиїсь кроки за собою.

• Зворотні займенники також вживаються як підсилювальні слова і перекладаються на українську мову як сам. В цьому сенсі вони вживаються в кінці речення або відразу ж після пі­дсилювального слова:

I saw it myself. -Я бачив це сам.

I myself saw it. - Я сам бачив це.

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the reflexive pronouns. 1. The children cooked everything by ____________________(they) 2. The Prime-Minister _________________(he) addressed the meeting. 3. Shall I help you, ladies? – Thank you, we’ll do everything by ________________(we). 4. Help ___________________ to the apple pie, dear guests.(you) 5. Don’t wash the dishes. I’ll do it____________________(I). 6. The sky __________________ was almost black (it). 7. The Queen _________________ invited them to the ceremony.(she) 8. I’ve heard about this film but haven’t seen it _____________________.(I) 9. Don’t worry, the children are big enough to look after __________________(they). 10.The President ___________________ answered the telephone call.(he)

Exercise 2. Underline the correct answer:

a) My mother does the housework herself / himself.

b) I prepared this work ourselves / myself.

c) She made this cake herself / myself.

d) My mother and I do the shopping myself / ourselves.

e) Karen cuts her hair herself / himself.

f) Sue and John prepare the dinner ourselves / themselves.

g) I introduced myself / ourselves to the tourists.

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns.

a) __________ washed the dishes myself. f) __________ played outside themselves.

b) __________ ate her meal herself. g) __________ goes to the sport center himself.

c) __________ do my homework myself. h) __________ like walking outside myself.

d) __________ watched the ourselves. i) __________ sleeps in the bed itself.

e) __________ takes care of the baby herself. j) __________ drives to work himself.

Exercise 4. Fill in the necessary reflexive pronoun

a) Our friends and we go to school _________________.

b) My father does his work _________________.

c) I wrote this poem _________________.

d) My mother and father decorate the house ______________.

e) Jonnhy and I did the project _________________.

f) The lion can defend _________________.

g) Fabiane cooked this delicious meal by ______________.

h) You can’t do this for me . I have to do it _________________.

i) Our cat drinks the milk _________________.

j) Jane does the shopping _________________.

k) Are you going to the mall by ________________?

l) Jackie walked in the darkness by _______________.

m) I stayed at home last night by _________________.

n) Suzie, did you bake the cake by_______________?

BOOKS AND LITERATURE ………….………………………………………………………………….…LESSON 15-16

Exercise 1. Read the text and decide if the statements are true (T) or false(F).

Books play an important part in people’s life. Do you know the name of William Caxton? Yes, of course. He was an Englishman who made the first English printed book in 1474. Many books have been printed in Britain since those days. We know the names of many English writers.

Children are interested in reading books. Many authors have written stories for children. Many of these stories bring back to life the old fables, folk-tales are called fairy-tales. British children love fairies living in a wonderful place called fairy-land.

Modern fairy stories often imitate the old folk-tale, which explains their atmosphere of princesses and horse-drawn carriages. You know that imagination is the main quality of a children’s story. Several famous children’s stories are written in the form of a wonderful dream, like Lewis Carol’s ”Alice in Wonderland”. The characters of the books are usually animals or toys, as in A. Milne’s “Winnie-the-Pooh”, or objects, like railway engines and lorries, which talk like living people.

On the other hand, many stories are based on ordinary events in the life of an ordinary child. School stories about adventures in a boarding school are great favourites with older children.

	T	F

1. An Englishman made the first English printed book.

2. The old fables and folk-tales are called fairy-tales.

3. British children don’t love fairies living in a wonderful

place called fairy-land.

4. Modern fairy stories often imitate the old folk-tale.

5. Imagination is the main quality of a children’s story.

6. Older children are fond of reading school stories.

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct verbs.

1. I____________________________(buy) a book about computer games last Saturday.

2. You__________________________(write) a short story now.

3. ___________ children often _____________(learn) poems by heart?

4. They_________________(go) to the bookstore when it _______________(start) raining.

5. ____________your friends ever___________(be) to the British Museum?

6. The mother ____________(read) the magazine when her little boy goes to bed.

Exercise 3. Choose the right answer for each question.

a) - I’m sorry. I can’t. I have to stay at school after classes.

b) - He’s taken some comic stories to read.

c) - I am fond of reading books about animals.

d) - Rudyard Kipling did.

e) - Yes, she is.

f) -They did it two years ago.

1. What do you do when you have free time?

2. Is your relative talking with a famous poet now?

3. Would you like to go to the library with us?

4. When did her parents join Literary Club?

5. Who wrote “The Jungle Book”?

6. What book has your friend borrowed from the school library?