3. Education in Japan

In Japan education is compulsory at the elementary and lower secondary levels. Virtually all students progress to the upper secondary level, which is voluntary. Most students attend public schools through the lower secondary level, but private education is popular at the upper secondary and university levels. Japan's education system played a central part in Japan's recovery and rapid economic growth in the decades following the end of World War II.

After World War II, the Fundamental Law of Education and the School Education Law were enacted in 1947 under the direction of the occupation forces. The latter law defined the school system that is still in effect today: six years of elementary school, three years of junior high school, three years of high school, two or four years of university.

Education prior to elementary school is provided at kindergartens and day-care centers. Public and private day-care centers take children from under age one on up to five years old. The programmes for those children ages 3–5 resembles those at kindergartens. The educational approach at kindergartens varies greatly from unstructured environments that emphasize play to highly structured environments that are focused on having the child pass the entrance exam at a private elementary school.

4.Grammar Exercises

Complete the sentences. Name the modal verbs

1. I may say that this conference is an………..event.

2. My thanks go to the …of the press and information services.

3. In closing I should like to… all of you for your participation.

4. The conference was of great … in this connection.

5. It is my belief that exchanges of… and comparison of… have a stimulating effect on your work.

6. Thank you for your … concern.

7. 1 should express my …at the work of the conference.

8. The results and … of this conference tаке themselves felt in our … work.

9. You can … for yourself from your present mеeting was successful.

10. 1 should express my satisfaction at the work of the conference, the excellent results achieved, the atmosphere of … and mutual ….

Correct the mistakes 1. We have thank the secretaries and the whole staff to the conference.

2. Today sees the closed of the conference. 3. І should to like express my thanks by the observers which followed a debates with great interesting.

Література:

1. Ільченко О. М. Англійська для науковців. The language of Science: [підручник]/ О.М. Ільченко. – К.: Наук.думка, 2010. – 288с.

2. Мансі О.Є. Англійська мова: [підручник для студентів і аспірантів немовних факультетів]/ О.Є Мансі. – К.: Арій, 2008. – 344с.

Модуль самостійної роботи

Індивідуальне читання за фахом (статті та інтернет видання з анотаціями).

Словник-мінімум за фахом.

IIмодуль На міжнародній науковій конференції

Практичне заняття 1.

1. Обговорення теми: «Наукові кар’єрні кроки». Словниковий диктант.

2. Монологічне висловлювання за темою «Робота секцій за профілем». Розповідь про формат проведення секційних засідань.

3. Написання рецензії до інтернет-статті «The conference session is dead».

4. Граматичний матеріал Видо-часові форми групи Perfect. Числівники.

to conform - to obey or be in accordance with established rules укр. підкорятися

preconception — an opinion formed in advance укр. упереджене уявлення

to counsel — to advise as suitable course of action укр. радити

to major (in) — to study as the chief subject(s) укр. спеціалізуватися

field of science — a branch of knowledge or area of activity. Synonyms: sphere, area, branch, domain, realm укр. галузь, сфера

R&D — research and development укр. науково-дослідна робота

faculty and staff - all of teachers and other profetional workers of a university or college укр. професорсько-викладацький склад

goal — one s aim or purpose — укр. мета Compare: objective — an aim that must be worked towards over a long period укр. стратегічна мета

research advisor – укр. науковий кервник

to require — to demand by right with the expectation that it will be obeyed укр. вимагати; requirement — укр. вимога required — укр. обов'язковий Synonyms: — mandatory, obligatory required reading — обов'язкова литература.

to earn — to get, to gain, to obtain — укр. отримати

in-depth — a thorough and giving careful attention to detail укр. глибокий, детальний

to focus (on) — to direct one's attention to something укр. зосереджувати увагу

skill(s) — special ability to do something well, esp. as gained by learning and practice укр. навички

issue — a subject to be talked about укр. питання, проблема

relevant — directly connected with the subject Synonyms: pertaining to (pertinent), dealing with, regarding, concerning, relating to, touching upon, having bearing on, bearing relation to укр. релевантний, той, що має відношення, стосується

to meet the requirements — укр. відповідати вимогам

board — an official body that has responsibility for a particular organization укр. рада

devoted — showing great fondness, caring a great deal. Compare: dedicated — very interested in or working very hard for an idea, purpose; committed укр. відданий

to be involved — to take part, to be engaged in, tукр. бути залученим, брати участь

to anticipate — to expect, to guess or imagine in advance укр. очiкувати, передбачати

insight — the power of using one's mind understand the true situation укр. проникливiсть

aspiration — a strong desire to do something or have something, esp. something great or important. Synonym: longing укр. прагнення, поривання

The word science originates from the Latin word «scientia», meaning knowledge. Science is simply a way of looking at the world. It consists of asking questions, proposing answers and testing them against the available evidence.A popular astronomer Carl Sagan wrote: «Science invites us to let the facts in, even when they don’t conform to our preconceptions. It counsels us to carry alternative hypotheses in our heads and see which best match the facts». Science is a human construct and human ability.

Students of science major in various fields of science. They take part in R&D at their institutions. The faculty and staff at the universities and institutes will help the students as they fulfill their academic and professional goals. Research advisors — well- known scientists will help their students with research.

Graduate students spend most of their time in independent study and original rsearch. Fоr example, graduate studies in the USA can be divided into two phases: Phase I leads to Master's degree and consists of lecture-type coursework. This degree is usually required in fields such as engineering, library science etc. The MBA, or Master of Business Administration usually takes two years. These degrees are considered stepping stones toward a PhD. Normally few, if any laboratory courses are offered. A thesis, calling for significant research and/or design effort may be required.

Phase II leads to doctoral degree — PhD (doctorate). Students who are enrolled in a doctoral program are known as PhD candidates. They will spend some time in class, but the most important work is spent in first-hand research. It may take three years or more to earn a PhD Degree. This degree normally requires four to six years of study beyond the Bachelor's degree, culminating in lengthy, in-depth, original research of a specific topic, which may be both theoretical and applied, or purely theoretical.

Usually, doctoral studies focus very heavily on developing advanced scientific skills. A PhD dissertation is considered a unique, original contribution to human knowledge. This paper must contain views, research or designs that have not been previously published.

The best and the most suitable methods, techniques, approaches and procedures should be used. Several research publications on issues relevant to the investigation should be prepared. Most universities awarding the PhD Degree also require doctoral candidates to have a reading knowledge of two foreign languages, to pass a qualifying examination that officially admits candidates to the PhD program, and to pass an oral examination on the same topic as the dissertation.

If the dissertation meets all the requirements it will be accepted and approved by a special board of academics after oral defense.Most scientists spend many years studying and working in laboratories. Scientists can work individually or in a team. In many cases, scientists are devoted to their work and may find little time to do other things. Usually scientists are involved in studying various aspects of their fields and work on one or two major projects at one time.

1. What is the theme of your research?

2. Where is the research material taken out?

3. What is the practical importance of your scientific investigation?

4. What are the main thesises of your research?

5. Who is your Research advisor?

2.Conference Session Formats

Different types of information can best be learned in different ways. That’s why for Conferences they offer different formats for topics, information and discussion that are important to you

Application Sessions

These sessions provide practical advice and action steps that can help you successfully address common challenges. You and your fellow participants will bring laptops and tablets and actively work during the session. Sessions might include using Excel to model incentives, or working in small groups to solve common challenges.

Discussions

You and your fellow participants will engage in structured discussions on key learning topics and challenges in small, focused groups of colleagues. These sessions will be led by one or more senior executives, who will present mini-overviews of key questions and then engage participants in exploratory conversations.

Panels 

Panel sessions provide an informative and entertaining approach to learning. You and your fellow participants will hear experts explore topics from a 360^o perspective. A panel of leading practitioners will respond to questions asked by a moderator and you.

Workshops

In a workshop, you get the opportunity to listen to a presenter tell stories of organizational success, failure and lessons learned. These are all up-to-date, honest, under-the-hood explorations of innovation and implementation in real companies.