Vocabulary and grammar work

1. Fill in the blanks with the proper words:

from, positive, human, a livelihood, rights, political rights, divisions, government, state, constitutions, recognition, generation, freedoms.

Types of human rights

Human rights are sometimes divided into negative and ____1______ rights, although other categorizations also exist. Negative human ______2____, which follow mainly ______3____the Anglo-American legal tradition, denote actions that a _____4_____ should not take. These are codified in the United States Bill of Rights, the English Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and include _______5____ of speech, religion and assembly. Positive ____6_____ rights follow mainly from the Rousseauian Continental European legal tradition, denote rights that the ____7____ is obliged to protect and provide. Examples of such rights include: the rights to education, to a _____8____, to legal equality. Positive rights have been codified in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in many 20th-century _____9____. A categorization offered by Karel Vasak is the three generations of human rights: first-generation - civil and _____10____ (right to life and political participation), second generation - economic, social and cultural rights (right to subsistence) and third ____11____ - solidarity rights (right to peace, right to clean environment). Out of these generations, the third generation is the most debated and lacks both legal and political ____12____. Some theorists discredit these ___13____ by claiming that rights are interconnected. Arguably, for example, basic education is necessary for the right to political participation.

2. Find in the text the following words and phrases and write their Ukrainian equivalents.

Have the right to, be entitled to the same basic human rights, hold rights, be endowed with, use, enjoy, exercise, respect, protect, defend, extend, spread, insist on taking human rights seriously, bring human rights to the mainstream of, claim, demand, restrict, limit, abridge, deny, deprive, dispossess, abuse, violate, ensure, secure, guarantee, support, maintain, safeguard, enforce, implement, achieve, gain, advance, waive the right; exclusive, sole, natural, inalienable, civil, political, conjugal, individual, equal, fundamental rights.

3. Find in the text English equivalents of the following words and phrases.

Уci люди створені рівними; вони наділені невідчужуваними правами на життя та свободу; права людини, визнані на міжнародному piвнi; носії прав; здійснювати права; тягар доведения; розвинути тeopiю природних прав; надавати право; відмовляти в праві, вимагати рівних прав; pacoвi меншини; усунути дискримінацію за ознаками cтaтi та раси; божа заповідь; захищати права людини; обмежувати, забезпечувати права.

4. Put the verb in brackets into the proper tense form ( active/passive structures), translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. A human right is an entitlement or legal claim you (to have) – by virtue of being human. It is a claim by you against another to the extent that by exercising your right, you (not stop) someone else from exercising theirs. It also (to say) that one person’s right is another person’s duty. 2. In accordance with the private law reading of civil rights and obligations, claims concerning a number of other rights (to reject). 3. Everyone (to bear) with the same human rights. They cannot (to take) away, lost or surrendered whatever a person does or whoever that person is: they (to be) inalienable. 4. A criminal (to entitle) to a fair trial where he (to presume) innocent until proved guilty; if convicted, he (to entitle) to appeal and anyway to ( to keep) detained in human conditions. He has this rights and they must (to respect). 5. Human rights law is not about equality, but protecting individuals from discrimination. The law (to apply) equally to rich and poor. The migrant worker (to entitle) to equal pay for equal work alongside the national of the country in which he (to work). 6. Women have the same rights as man. If a woman (to wish) to be in the home that is her right. It is also her to work outside the home if she (to wish) and receive equal pay for her work.

5. Write your own sentences with the following word-combinations.

1/ To advance political claims; 2/ to implement a conception of social justice; 3/ to exercise the rights; 4/ to conclude an agreement; 5/ to dismiss the claim; 6/ to enforce the judgment; 7/ to reverse the judgment; 8/ to disregard the requirements; 9/ to settle the dispute; 10/ to satisfy the claim; 11/ to evaluate the facts; 12/ to be recognized as right-holders; 13/ to provide for by the constituent documents; 14/ equal concern and respect; 15/to eliminate discrimination based on race and gender.

6. Fill in the appropriate passive form of the verbs:

recount, infringe, allow, make, base (2), follow, restrict, introduce(2), accuse.

The right to a fair hearing may also ...(1) in a criminal case when written statements by a person who does not appear as a witness ...(2) in evidence or when the evidence ...(3) by another person who does appear as a witness. The first in a series of cases concerning such evidence was Unterpertinger v. Austria. There the applicant's wife and daughter, whom he ...(4) of assaulting, exercised their privilege as family members under Austrian law not to give evidence. Their statements to the police ...(5) by the prosecution in evidence and the accuser’s conviction ... (6) mainly on them. The Court held that because the accused could not confront the witnesses, his defense rights ...(7) in breach of Article 6 ( 1). The decision of a Chamber of the Court in the Unterpertinger case ...(8) by a decision of the plenary Court in Kostovski v Netherlands. There, in breach of Articles 6(1) and (3)(d), the accuser’s conviction ... (9) on statements before the court that ... (10) earlier by one witness to the police and another to an examining magistrate. The two witnesses ... (11) to remain anonymous and not to give evidence in court because of their fear of reprisals by organized crime.