4. Complete the table.

Noun : Crime :	Noun: Criminal	Verb:	Noun: thing made or done in the crime	Related adjective
counterfeiting
	embezzler
		to fake
			a forgery
				fraudulent
	money launderer
		to racket
			a bribe

4. Put the verbs in brackets into the proper tense forms.

The Globalization of Corruption ( part 1)

1. For multinationals, bribery (to enable) companies to gain contracts (particularly for public works and military equipment) or concessions which they would not otherwise ( to win), or to do so on more favorable terms. 2. Every year, Western businesses ( to pay) huge amounts of money in bribes (to win) friends, influence and contracts. 3. These bribes ( to be) conservatively (to estimate) to run to US$80 billion a year — roughly the amount that the UN ( to believe) is needed to eradicate global poverty. 4. In 1999, the US Commerce Department ( to report) that, in the preceding five years, bribery ( to believe) to have been a factor in 294 commercial contracts worth US$145 billion. 5. In 1996, the magazine World Business ( to report) that the bribes paid by German companies alone ( to be ) over $3 billion. 6. Not just companies ( to involve ) . According to a French secret service report, the official export credit agency of France ( to pay) around $2 billion in bribes to foreign purchasers of “defense equipment” in 1994.

5. Fill in the blanks with the proper words.

The Globalization of Corruption ( Part 2)

“commissions”, bribery, business, corruption, included in the costs; five per cent, instead, practice, bribery, companies, access, public authorities

1. Such ________may be pervasive, but it is difficult to detect. 2. Many Western __________ do not dirty their own hands, but ________pay local agents, who get a 10 per cent or so “success fee” if a contract goes through and who have ________to the necessary “slush funds” to ensure that it does. 3. __________ is also increasingly subtle. 4. It often takes the form of semi-legal fees or __________, and inflated or marked-up prices. 5. In contracts guaranteed by export credit agencies, such “commissions” are _____________and thus in the total contract value covered by the guarantee. 6. Until recently, bribery was seen as a normal business __________. 7. Many countries including France, Germany and the UK treated bribes as legitimate ________ expenses . 8. Corruption poses a serious problem for __________and the public because it makes services more costly, undermines development, and distorts democratic processes. 9. The amount of money lost to __________could, and should, be directed towards public services and to the development of democratic institutions. 10. International Commission estimates that, on average, __________of public budgets go astray.