Grammar focus I participle I ( present participle)

P articiple I — це неособова форма дієслова, що об’єднує властивості прикметника й прислівника. Граматичним формам Participle I в англійській мові відповідають дієприкметник і дієприслівник в українській мові.

Participle I утворюється за допомогою закінчення -ing, яке додається до основи дієслова. Participle I має такі форми:

Forms:	Active	Passive
Indefinite	He was drinking his tea, sitting in the garden.	Being left alone, she decided to eliminate all forged shares.
Perfect	Having taken his Master’s degree, he applied for a job.	Having been warned about the danger, they left the country.

1. Participle I Indefinite Active and Passive expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the predicate.

Participle I Perfect expresses a prior action.

2. A prior action is not always expressed by Participle I Perfect: with the verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to look, to arrive, to seize, to enter, to turn, to close, to open, to pass etc.

Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant:

e.g. Looking out of the window he saw that the rain had stopped.

Participle I can be used :

• instead of a relative pronoun and full verb: The woman waving at me is my aunt (The woman who is waving ).

• to express reason: Feeling shy, Laura didn’t talk to Ben. Having seen the film before, I decided to stay at home.

• to express time: We met John while shopping.

• instead of the past simple in narratives when we describe actions happening immediately one after the other: Hearing the news, she fainted.

• to avoid repeating the past continuous in the same sentence: He was walking down the street whistling a tune.

In sentences Participle I may have the functions of :

- Predicative (after the link verbs to be, to seem, to look, to become, to sound ): Your offer sounds tempting.

- Attribute : I was taken in by her charming smile. The woman holding a baby in her arms is waiting to see the doctor.

- Part of a complex object (after the verbs denoting sense perception: to hear, to watch, to see, to notice, to feel etc. and the verb to have) : I saw him crossing the street. I can't have you doing it.

-Adverbial modifier of : ( attendant circumstances / manner): He was standing on the bridge admiring the beautiful view; (reason / cause ): Being a stranger, he was the most eligible for suspicion; ( time , usually after the conjunctions while and when): While turning up his violin, the soloist broke a string. Having climbed the hill, he sat down to have a rest; ( comparison after the conjunctions as if, as though): She looked at him as if waiting for an answer; (parenthesis): Frankly speaking, I don't know the answer. Judging from what you say, he must have learnt the truth.

Exercise 1. Comment on the forms of Participle I. Translate these sentences into your own language.

1. Sitting in the front row, he had an excellent view. 2. I found it difficult to follow the serial, having missed the first episode. 3. Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, I intend to prove to you that the defendant, Michael Perkins, cold-bloodedly decided to kill Penelope Hennessy for money, and that, having made this decision, he set about planning exactly how to kill her. 4. There was a tiny smile playing about the corners of her mouth. 5. There was sunlight coming in through the shutters. 6. Being very tired with his walk however, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles. 7. Having traversed seven hundred miles he was now traveling toward the border of the United States. 8. Students were much more willing to provide positive feed-back about their observations than they were to deliver criticism. 9. Provided you have an airline ticket with a confirmed reservation, 23 rail stations will check in your baggage and issue your boarding card, saving you the formality when you get to the airport. 10. Most of these hotels offer special rates to first and business class passengers traveling with Austrian Airlines. 11. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members. 12. But, having committed the perfect crime, he became careless and began to make mistakes. 13. When she saw Daniel standing alone, staring at her from across the room, her face lighted.

Exercise 2. State the functions of Participle I. Translate the sentences into your own language.

1. The gypsy smiled, showing her teeth. 2. Having been connected up and with the appropriate technical equipment the system is used directly from the broker's desk. 3.Foreign buyers scrambled to buy dollars to buy high-yielding government bonds. 4. Having made a fortune nurturing real estate, he moved into publishing in 1981. 5. He stopped payments for the Atlantic Monthly Press, saying that its financial state had been mispresented to him. 6. She shivered with fright as if realizing the danger. 7. That she could not remember the origin of her information was neither disconcerting nor unusual. 8. He heard her coming up the stairs, heard her moving along the hallway, heard her stop and look in on Bentley as she always did to be sure he was not still sitting at his desk studying. 9. A man without a smiling face must not open a shop. 10. He raised his eyes, looked at her as though peering over the top of spectacles. 11. Jack had a beautiful old house in Queen Anne Street, and being a man of taste he had furnitured it admirably. 12. She was thoughtful for a moment while leaning perilously close to the fire. 13. I heard the problem being discussed.

Exercise 3. Replace the construction with Participle 1 (Present Participle) by an attributive clause where possible.

1.Barristers are professionals in the sphere having a lot to do with logic and rhetoric opposite to solicitors in whose job a knowledge of law plays the main role.

2.One of the specifications of the English legal system is that a practising lawyer has an obligation to hold either a place of a barrister or of

solicitor.

3.The first-instance jurisdiction covers mainly contract and tort actions, These are cases involving claims for huge awards of damages (lesser matters are dealt with by county courts).

4.As to the divisional court there are few modern instances. These tend to come from those in detention awaiting extradition or deportation or where an immigrant has been refused entry and is awaiting his return.

5.The Crown Court was created by means of the Courts Act 1971, implementing the Beeching Commission Report.

6.The sittings of the court are held in three-tier centers with six circuits in England and Wales.

7. Each circuit has a presiding judge to carry the judicial responsibility (there are three in the South-Eastern Circuit, including the Lord Chief Justice).

8. Under the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980, S.6 (2) there are three requirements: all of the evidence must be in writing, the accused must have a solicitor acting for him in the case, and his lawyer must not wish to enter a submission that there is no case to answer

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions using Participle I as predicative.

1. Does it sound tempting for you to miss a class of higher mathematics? English? 2. Sharon Stone is very charming, isn't she? 3. You want to climb Everest. Don't you know that climbing this mountain is so exhausting? 4.Would it be amazing for you to get a job of an advertising manager right after graduating from university? 5. Does it sometimes become rather annoying for you to listen to heavy metal being played by your roommates all night when you're getting ready for your exam? 6. Is it really disgusting when the kitchen hasn't been cleaned for ages? 7. Do you share the opinion that experience can be rather terrifying? 8. It's sometimes embarrassing when you have to ask people for money, isn't it? 9.I know Jack didn't enjoy the last night's football match. Did it happen to be less exciting than he had expected? 10. The weather becomes depressing when it's been raining all day long, doesn't it? 11. Life seems extremely boring when there's nothing interesting to do. Do you share this, opinion? 12. It's rather confusing when somebody calls you by name, and you don't remember who he or she is, isn't it?

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences into English using Participle I predicatively.

1. Дивно, що він не виконав свою обіцянку. 2. Моя мама вчить маленьких дітей. Її робота дуже стомлююча; 3. Навіть за таких умовах ця жінка була, як завжди, чарівної. 4. Його слова здалися Максу образливими. 5.Зустріч із земляком або просто знайомим у чужій країні завжди хвилююча. 6. Звуки музики були настільки дратівними, що в мене відразу розболілася голова. 7. Я не розділяю думки, що життя без роботи стає нудним. 8. Доводи боса були досить переконливими. 9. Ми вирішили не приймати умови суперника, тому що вони були принизливими. 16. Я подумаю над вашим реченням: воно мені здається дуже привабливим. 11. Жахливо, коли люди починають вбивати один одного в у громадянській війні. Цей досвід не стає менш жахливим, коли він пояснюється політичними або економічними причинами.

Exercise 6. Replace the construction with Participle 1 (Present Participle) by a clause where possible.

A. By an adverbial subordinate clause of time

1. You may have trouble constructing an acceptable definition of law, but you would recognize a law if you saw one.

2. Gradually by a process of choosing between varying local customs found while on circuit, the justices, when meeting together at Westminster (where they were based), gently moulded together the common law, the law common to the whole country.

3. Looking back over English legal history it is plain to see that the old local customs at and around the time of the Norman Conquest are the historical source of the common law.

4. The last stage in the Commons is the third reading. When debating the Bill here only verbal changes can be made.

5. When emerging from the Lords the Bill may well have been altered.

6. The suspect using the services of a famous lawyer could prove his alibi

7. Summary trial procedure is the one used by the magistrates when dealing with the trial of summary offences and of those offences "triable either way" when summary trial has been selected.

B. by an adverbial clause of cause

1. Being accused of burglary and being found guilty, the court sentenced Mr Brown to three years of imprisonment.

2. Being the most serious offences (murder, genocide, offences under the Official Secrets Act 1911, S.I and incitement, conspiracy or attempts at any of these), these cases are always tried by High Court judges.

3. The vote being carried the Bill is said to have "passed through the House.

4. Dividing crimes according to Latin terms mala in se and mala ргоhibita we can reveal which norms existed before the appearance of the state and who are its creators.

5. In order to be enforced an act of Parliament must be published in statute form, becoming (a) part of Statute Law.

6. The solicitor says he feels confident having an idea the man he is defending is not guilty.

7. When political institutions act, they are often forced to compromise deferring critical issues to the courts.

C. by an adverbial clause of circumstances

1. Henry of Bratton, or Bracton, the first great writer of English law, was a judge himself, working mostly in Devonshire.

2. In the Crown Court three main kinds of judges preside, depending upon the seriousness of the case; High Court judges, circuit judges and |part time judges.

3. Broadly, the suggestions of the law concerning Restrictive Trade Practices Policy are: to introduce a general ban on anti-competitive agreements between companies, scrapping the current registration scheme.

4. The membership of the European Community, bringing with it a new emphasis on preserving competition, will mean that this area of the British law will be restructured.

5. Legal profession can now create demand for legal services, advertising.

6. Parliament functions, making laws, providing money for the government through taxation; examining government policy; administration and spending; debating political questions.

7. The judge is always a legal expert and is also paid for work, hearing serious cases in the Crown Court

Exercise 7. Translate the following sentences. Use present participles as attributes.

1. До уваги туристів, що прибули із Мінська : збір біля вагону номер три о сьомій годині вечора. 2. Я погано бачив, що відбувалося на сцені, тому що мені заважав величезний капелюх жінки, що сиділа спереду. 3. Це була найжахливіша пригода в її житті. 4. Кожний, хто бажає вступити до екологічного університету, що відкрився нещодавно у Москві, повинен пройти тільки співбесіду. 5. “Форд”, що їхав слідом за машиною нашого режисера був червоного кольору. 6. У картині, що висіла в темному кутку вітальні його нових знайомих, він з подивом впізнав свого Матісса, вкраденого в нього півроку назад. 7. Це і є той самий Мартін , який виграв конкурс на кращий проект? 8. Підвищення на посаді по старшинству є одним із принципів японського бізнесу. Ця політика означає, що найважливіші посади пропонуються тим службовцям, які довго працюють у цій кампанії і досягли певного віку. 9. Статистика показує, що в 1977 році три найбільш продаваних у США автомобіля були зроблені японськими кампаніями: "Тойота", "Ніссан" ("Датсун") і "Хонда.

Exercise 8. Read and translate words in brackets using:

A. Participle I (active, non-perfect) as an attribute

1. International law is a very interesting branch of law — ( що бере початок ) its roots and up to the ways of resolving some large-scale problems.

2. Most Bills are dealt with by (діючими / постійними ) committees of fifteen to fifty MPs.

3. The member states of the Community have several broad aims, (включаючи) economic integration in the short term and political integration later.

4. The European Union based upon the European Community has several objectives, one of which is to maintain and develop ( існуючий ) EC law, and build upon it.

5. The merchants had their own courts called "pie poudre" and "staple", (що використовують) swift and simple procedures and ( що користуються) their own rules.

6. John Spencer has written "the European Court is a large and ( що розширюється) operation, which is already bursting out of the modern five storey building in Luxembourg which was built for it in 1973".

7. Wherever any body of persons (що мають) legal authority to determine questions (що впливають) the rights of subjects, and (що мають) the duty to act judicially, act in excess of their legal authority they are subject to the (контролюючої) jurisdiction of the King's Bench Division.

B. Participle I (active, perfect or non-perfect) as an adverbial modifier

1. (Розглянувши) legislation and its related topics, we now need to observe the other main source of law in action — case law.

2. (Пропрацювавши) in a law office for a year, Ann doesn't have a job now.

3. (Розповівши) everything he knew, the witness left the box.

4. A burglar, (розбивши) the window, got into the house, but, to our surprise, we found nothing was missing.

5. (Видавши) a description of the lost child, the police took some more urgent measures in search for him.

6. (Піднявшись) to the dizzy heights of the rank of QC (Queen's Counsel) a barrister is less likely to do anything but appear as an advocate and give opinions.

7. (Порушивши ) public order the person is liable just to a fine but only if his conduct didn't lead to serious consequences.

С . Participle I (passive, perfect or non-perfect) as an attribute or adverbial modifier

1. (Керовані) by the Home Office the prisons in Britain have a local board of visitors (who make reports about conditions and also deal with serious bad behaviour).

2. (Так як традиційна підтримка (mainstay) усунута), there is a danger here that many smaller firms of solicitors may disappear, close or merge, and this will reduce proper access to legal services generally outside large cities and towns.

3. In the rare instance of insufficient jurors (так як ті не прийшли за выкликом (to summon)), any eligible person passing by the court can be required to attend.

4. (Після того як були зібрані заяви свідків), the decision about proceeding is taken by the Procurator Fiscal.

5. (Після того як був створений) a Disciplinary Committee, in response to complaints and claims against solicitors the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal took over the work.

6. (Після того як) the disputed issues ( окреслені в загальних рисах (tooutline)) to the judge, the plaintiff's witnesses are called and cross-examined.

7. (Так як) the original answers (були послаблені) under cross-examination, the witness was re-examined

Exercise 9. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the correct form of Participle I.

1. (to return) the verdict of the jury the judge delivered his judgment of punishment.

2. (to concern) with assuring the uniformity of federal law, the function of the Supreme Court is assuming larger and larger importance nowadays.

3. (to experience) a great increase in criminal activity of nearly every crime Britain made the measures on preventing it tougher

4. The defending counsel when he had his turn called new witnesses, (to include) the accused man himself.

5. Crime is one of the most (to disturb) elements of modern life in America.

6. (to settle) all controversies between states, the Court acts like the International Tribunal.

7. (to take into account) the mental condition of the offender the judge delayed the sitting till the medical examination.

8. (to control) by Central Government, the police are responsible for the maintenance of public order.

9. (to be) a well-known figure in public life, the American judge decided to be a candidate for Congress.

10. The main function of Parliament is to make laws (to regulate) the life of the country.

Exercise 10. Read the following extract from a story. Then choose a suitable verb and made it Participle I to complete the passage. The first sentence has been done for you.

1. Moving carefully and not (2) ( to make) sound, Douglas slowly made his way towards the window. З) ( To look) through a gap between the curtains, he could see the three, men. The Fat one, Wiseman, stood by the fireplace. (4) ( To smoke ) cigar and (5) ( to speak ) excitedly to Petersson, the Norwegian. Petersson appeared to be listening intently, (6) ( to smile) from time to time as if Wiseman had said something funny. The third man, Wescott, sat on the sofa, (7) ( to look at) the paper, not (8) ( to speak to) the other two. Suddenly, the door opened and a fourth man came in, (9) ( to carry) a large suitcase, which he put down on the table. As Douglas stood (10) (to watch) the four men in the room, he heard a sound behind him. (11) (to turn ) round, he could see in the darkness the shape of a man only a few meters away. (12) (To pull ) his gun out of his jacket, Douglas stepped into the shadow of a tree and waited

Exercise 11. Answer these questions using Participle I as an adverbial modifier of circumstances (manner).

Example: How did he sit for a long time? He sat for a long time thinking

1. How do you usually spend your working days? 2. How does your father (mother) spend his (her) working days? 3. How did you spend your last working day? 4. How do you usually spend the evenings? 5. How did you spend yesterday's night? 6. How did you spend the night when you went out to have a meal in a restaurant? 7. How do you usually spend your days off? 8. How did you spend the last weekend? 9. How do your group mates spend their free time? 10. How did your parents spend the last holiday? 11. Did you spend your last holiday enjoying its every hour? 12. Are you surprised when your friend passes by ignoring you? 13. Do you like to spend your weekend lying still in bed? listening to your favorite music? planning your future career?

Exercise 12. Translate the following sentences into your own language.

1. In the gentle evening they stood, talking of the good old days, mourning for yesterday, steadfastly keeping their backs turned to tomorrow. 2. He stood waiting a moment in the half hope that they would run out after him. 3. Japanese workers contribute much to develop the products their company produces, participating in earnest discussions about the quality control of their products. 4. Any Japanese company creates harmony making decision through consensus. 5. If a product is defective and causes injury, the company is liable paying compensation to the injured. 6. This model is a top selling one. We can obviously increase the profits selling it in overseas market. 7. The pirate tape industry has now reached epidemic proportions, being developed not only in South-East Asia, but in the former Common Wealth states. 8. The proposals would bring about a revolution changing Britain's deeply-entrenched attitudes towards industrial relations. 9. In 1977 the Bullock report created such a furore in Britain, suggesting to introduce employee representatives to company boards of management. 10. He stood shamefully hesitating, the strength of his resolution exhausted in his words.

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, paying attention to the Complex Participial Forms that are used in different functions.

A. Use the Nominative Absolute Participle Construction instead of the subordinate clauses.

Example: As the procedure was inquisitorial, the coroner himself questioned witnesses. The procedure was inquisitorial, (with) the coroner himself questioning witnesses.

1. The Council remarked particularly about the workload of tribunals, as one million cases a year are handled. A quarter of them result in hearings.

2. An industrial tribunal hearing an unfair dismissal case will be staffed by persons who have considerable experience in industry, and one is from or represents an employer's organization, the other represents a trade union of workers' organisation.

3. When the Council recently published a Report "Model Rules of Procedure for Tribunals", the aim was to provide a comprehensive set of procedural rules and to reduce the alleged unevenness of tribunal practice.

4. The purpose of tribunals is to provide cheap and quick justice. As procedure is informal, the members of the tribunal ask questions of appellant and respondent.

5. As far as court work or litigation is concerned, the solicitor prepares the case and ascertains the facts.

6. In case there is no jury, the judge will decide both matters of fact and of law and deliver his judgment. If he decides to take time to consider, and delivers it later, it is referred to as a "reserved judgment

7. The final stage of enactment is the royal assent — a pure formality today, as last was refused in 1707.

B. Translate the sentences with the Nominative Absolute Participle Construction into Ukrainian (Construction contain "there is ")

1. In addition to there being a judge, each county court has a District Judge.

2. District judges work in the county courts. They act as clerk to the court. There being matters involved worth up to £5000, they have the power to try certain cases.

3. In summary trial procedure there being a summary offence, the prosecution must normally be brought within six months of the commission of the offence.

4. According to the Road Traffic Act 1991 there being an offence, such as speeding, careless or dangerous driving, the accused must be warned at the time of the offence that prosecution will be considered.

5. There being a wish of the accused to plead "not guilty", the prosecutor presents the case against him, calling witnesses as desired.

С. Translate the sentences into Russian using the Objective Participial Construction.

1. Helen saw a policeman detaining an offender.

2. The law students watched the doctors carrying out a pathology-anatomy expertise judicially appointed.

3. I heard the witness giving evidence at the trial.

4. Steve felt his hands trembling in court.

5. My colleague and I watched the policeman getting special training

Exercise 14. Translate the sentences with Participle I into Ukrainian. Define the form and function of Participle I.

1. Describing disputes that can be peacefully and justly resolved by impartial tribunal the lawyers normally use the term "justiciable".

2. Preventing crimes the police performs its main function.

3. Prescribing the punishment in criminal law it is very hard to provide a full definition for a crime.

4. Distinguishing only treason and other crimes the contemporary classification does not contain such terms as felony or misdemeanour.

5. When having a conflict of evidence in a trial some more evidence should be found.

6. Only those in the Lords holding high judicial office deal with appeals.

7. What profession can a practicing lawyer in Great Britain hold?

8. Having infringed a right of another person one should be prosecuted for it.

9. Having broken the statutory order of court procedure one can go to the superior court.

10.Being connected with the intergovernmental relations the International Law is probably the only branch of law which may settle peacefully serious intergovernmental disputes.

11.Youth courts try children and young persons under eighteen. According to the Criminal Justice Act 1991 there are three justices, usually including at least one woman.

12.The Restrictive Practices Court was set up to inspect agreements relating to the supply of goods and services to see that they are not contrary to statute nor unfair to consumers.

13.In Industrial Tribunals the chairman of each tribunal is a barrister or solicitor of at least seven years' standing who sits with two lay members, one representing an employers' organization or self employed, the other an employers' organization.

14.The Attorney-General is a legal adviser to the government and as such - a practicing barrister and head of the English Bar.

15.The principal governing body of the Bar is the General Council of the Bar. The governing body of solicitors is the Law Society.

16.The Employment Appeal Tribunal is a court with special jurisdictions where the procedure is relatively formal. Robes are not worn, there is no bench or witness box and the court can be addressed without standing up.

Costs are not generally awarded against the losing party, unless the proceedings are regarded as having been unnecessary and/or vexatious.

Exercise 15. Translate the sentences into English, using Participle I where possible and constructions with it.

1. Судовий округ — це термін, що визначає територію, на якій повинне розглядатися правопорушення.

2. Судді, що займаються справами неповнолітніх, складаються із суддів-фахівців, що знають дитячу психологію.

3.Кожний солиситер, що спеціалізується на конкретному питанні права, може займатися дрібними кримінальними справами у судах нижчої інстанції.

4.Солиситер, що працює самостійно (поодинці) — рідке явище у Великобританії.

5. Барристер — це особа, що володіє юридичними повноваженнями і працює в адвокатурі.

6. Людина, яка потребує юридичної допомоги, повинна звернутися до солиситера.

7. Тому що англійське право багато в чому походить із рішень суддів по якій-небудь конкретній справі, то створюються прецеденти, тобто прецедентне право.

8. Юридична особа — це організація, що має ліцензію на право відповідної діяльності, власність та реєстрацію в державному органі.

9. Тому що правила прецеденту залежать від практичної діяльності судів, то значно зростає відповідальність суддів.

10. Виконавча влада в США — одна із трьох основних гілок влади держави, що складається із президента, віце-президента і кабінету міністрів.

11. У деяких країнах по Конституції право вето — одна із важливіших рис, що відрізняє президента й ставить його вище інших представників (органів) виконавчої влади.

12. Тому що суд розглядає справу в першій інстанції, юрисдикція може бути звичайною.

13. Після того як позивач подає апеляцію, її може прийняти до розгляду тільки суд другої інстанції.

14. Інтерпол, що підрозділяється на чотири основних органи: генеральну асамблею, виконавчий комітет, генеральний секретаріат та національні

центральні бюро, став провідною міжнародною поліцейською організацією. Його штаб-квартира розташовується в Сан Клу, в пригороді Парижа.

Exercise 16. Read the following speech by the prosecution at a murder trial. Then choose a suitable verb and make it Participle I to complete the speech. The first sentence has been done for you.

Having disposed of, having planned, having committed, having killed, having stolen, having got rid of, having made

Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, I intend to prove to you that the defendant, Michael Perkins, cold-bloodedly decided to kill Penelope Hennessy for money, and that, (1) having made that decision, he set about planning exactly how to kill her. I will show that, (2) ... the murder in detail, he carried it out on the night of October 26th, when he shot Mrs. Hennessy through the heart. I will produce evidence to show that, (3) ... Mrs. Hennessy, he disposed of the body in the New Forest and that, (4) ... the body, he drove to Lymington, where he threw the gun in the sea. (5) ... the gun, he drove back to the house to remove any evidence of the crime. (6) ... sure that there was nothing to connect him with Mrs. Hennessy's disappearance, he took several thousand pounds from the safe and hid it in the churchyard at Lyndnurst. (7) ... the money, he returned to his own house. So far, he had committed the perfect crime. But, (8) ... the perfect crime, he became careless and began to make mistakes. I now call the first witness for the prosecution.

Exercise 17. Translate these sentences into English using the present participle as an adverbial modifier.

1. Будьте обережні, переходячи вулицю.

2. Довідавшись про вашу думку з даного питання, я більш схильний погодитися із вами.

3. Підрахувавши, скільки буде коштувати їхня відпустка на Гавайях, вони вирішили провести її на дачі.

4. Річарда часто просили позичити грошей, тому що він багатий і не жадібний.

5. Переглядаючи вчорашній номер газети, вона знайшла цікаву статтю, про, інвестиції до соціальної сфери.

6. Чесно говорячи, справи у нас ідуть неважно. Не маючи кваліфікованого технічного персоналу, кампанія не змогла виконати усі завдання плану.

7. Проаналізувавши ситуацію на фондовій біржі в Гонконзі, я вирішив позбутися сумнівних акцій.

8. Помічник постояв ще хвилину, неначе очікуючи що його всемогутній начальник змінить своє рішення й він залишиться працювати. Але начальник тільки глянув на колишнього помічника, начебто здивований, що той ще в нього в кабінеті, і викликав секретарку. Секретарка, почувши виклик, з'явилася миттєво, начебто очікувала у дверей.

UNIT 2