- •Питання до екзамену
- •The methods and ways of translating various proper names.
- •7.The types and kinds of internationalisms. Their lexical meaning and ways of translating.
- •10.The most common contextual meanings of definite and indefinite articles and means of expressing them into Ukrainian.
- •11. The ways of faithful expressing the meaning of the two-, three-and four-componental asyndetic noun clusters.
- •12. The ways of faithful expressing the meaning of the multi-componental (five-, six-, seven-componental) asyndetic noun clusters.
- •13.The main ways of rendering the lexico-grammatical meanings and functions of the English infinitive and the for-to-infinitive construction.
- •15.Give examples of the verbal and nominal functions of the active and passive gerund in English sentences and offer the ways of faithful rendering them into Ukrainian.
- •16.Give examples of different functions of gerundial complexes in the sentence and offer the ways of rendering them into Ukrainian.
- •17. The ways of rendering the meanings of English word-group with prepositive and postositive present and past participle into Ukrainian.
- •17. The ways of translating the objective and subjective with the present and past participle complexes into Ukrainian
- •18.Give examples of Ukrainian semantic equivalents rendering the meanings of the English nominative absolute participial constructions in the sentence.
- •20.The modal verbs ought to and should, have to and be to in English and their semantic equivalents in Ukrainian.
- •21.The modal verbs need and dare/daresay, their double nature and ways of expressing their meanings in Ukrainian.
- •22. Modal verbs shall, will and would in English and ways and means of expressing their functions and lexical meanings in Ukrainian
- •Ways of conveying the meanings of Subjective Modality
- •Ways of conveying the meanings of Optative Modality
17. The ways of translating the objective and subjective with the present and past participle complexes into Ukrainian
Taking into account the above-named factors, the objective with the present participle constructions may be faithfully translated into Ukrainian in one of the following ways:
1. With the help of the object subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction що or by the adverbial connectors як, коли:
...he heard her moving about ... він чув, як вона ходила по
the room. (W.Jacobs) кімнаті.
Не listened to his uncle talk- Він слухав, як дядько вів
ing to him... (Hemingway) розмову/розмовляв з ним.
2. With the help of the adverbial subordinate clauses of time, purpose, manner, etc., which testifies to the existence of functional
discrepancies in the two languages at the level of syntactic structure, function, and content. For example:
/ had seen him last Septem- Я бачив його минулого року
ber coming across the square у вересні, коли він переходив towards the bar of the Continen- майдан до бару в ресторані tal... (Greene) Континенталь...
І took pains not to send them Я докладав зусиль, щоб
(stones) tumbling down the slope, каміння не зірвалося з-під ніг і (S. О Veil) не покотилося вниз.
3. On rarer occasions a faithful translation of the objective with the present participle construction may be achieved either with the help of an object subordinate clause or with the help of a semantically equivalent substantival word-group:
/ heard someone weeping. Я чув, як хтось плакав/
(G.Green) чийсь плач.
Then I heard Pvle whispering: Потім я почув Пайлів
«Thomas, Thomas.» (Ibid.) шепіт/як Пайл шепнув: «То-
масе, Томасе.»
Не found the prices declining Він помітив зниження цін/
in summer. (Int. Her. Tribune) що ціни знижуються влітку.
4. With the help of the finite form of the verb, i.e., with the help of the simple verbal predicate:
«I can see vou marrying after «Ти, бачу, як підіп'єш, то ще
a drink too many.» (Greene) станеш женихатися тут.»
Some objective with the present participle construction may be translated with the help of two object subordinate clauses, as in the following sentence:
He didn't care that they saw him crying. (Hemingway)
Йому було байдуже, 1) що вони бачать, 2) як він плаче.
The objective with the past participle constructions having actually almost the same N/I/Ven (noun/pronoun+past participle)structural pattern as the previously analysed complexes are characterized by a stronger predicative motivation and meaning. This is because these complexes are used to express the state of an object/person, the meaning of someone's experience in something, one's witness or that something is made/done for the benefit of someone other. As a result, some ways of translation of the objective with the past participle constructions sometimes differ from those employed for the translation of the objective with the present participle or the objective with the infinitive constructions. The main of these ways coincide, however, and are the following:
1. With the help of an object subordinate clause:
/ heard his name mentioned Я чув, шо/як його ім'я
in the crowd. (Saroyan) називали у натовпі.
2. This objective with the participle construction may also be translated with the help of a noun in the metaphorical paraphrase:
Я чув його ім'я на вустах натовпу. One should not be misled by the compound nominal predicate which is not the N(l,Q)Ven complex but a simple verbal predicate in Ukrainian:
She grew more and more її щодалі більше турбувала
alarmed by the intrusion. (O'Dell) ця висадка/ це вторгнення.
The N(I,Q)V n complex may also be translated into Ukrainian as a predicative to The noun being the subject of the sentence as in the example below:
Some of the houses had their У деяких будинках вікна
windows broken. (Cheever) були побиті.
3. By transplanting the participial complex to Ukrainian sen tences having here identical predicative constructions:
When I returned I found the Прийшовши додому, я
fence broken and the house door застав паркан проломаним, а opened. (O'Dell) хатні двері відчиненими.