D. Translation Procedure
Translation procedures or translation shifts are defined as “the smallest linguistic changes occurring in translation of ST (source text) to TT (target text)”. Translation is a field of various procedures. Translation procedures are use to get equivalence between source language and target language in translation process. There are many kinds of translation procedure, but the writer want to explore some procedure that must be use by translator to conform to the stylistic demands and grammatical conventions of the target language. These possibilities are expanded below.
Additional information
The change can take the form of adding to the target text information which is not expressed in the source language, if the target language has the grammatical category which the source language lacks. Information which is not present in the source language text may be added to the target language text.
Deletion information
Baker refers to deletion as “omission of a lexical item due to grammatical or semantic patterns of the receptor language”. In the process of translating, the change of information content of message can be done in the form of omitting information in the source language, if the target language lacks a grammatical category.
Structural adjustment
Structural adjustment is another important strategy for getting equivalence between source language and target language. Structural adjustment is also called shift, or transposition, or alteration. Newmark states that “A ‘shift’ (Catford’s term) or ‘transposition’ (Vinay and Darbelnet) is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL”. There are four types of transposition:
Type 1: the change from singular to plural (and vice versa), or in the position of the adjective.
Example of change from singular to plural:
SL: a pair of glasses
TL :sebuah kacamata
Example of change in the position of adjective:
SL: black ink TL: tinta hitam
Type 2: the change in grammatical structure from SL to TL because SL grammatical structure does not exist in TL.
Example:
SL: Tas situ aku letakan diatas meja
TL: I placed the bag on the table
This example shows that except for sentences in passive voice or a particular structure, the concept of placing of object in the beginning of the sentence in Bahasa Indonesia (TL) is not recognized in the English (SL) grammar; hence it is transposed into a simple sentence.
Type 3: an alternative to when literal translation of SL text may not accord with natural usage in TL. Such alternatives include:
1) Noun/noun phrase in SL becomes verb in TL.
Example:
SL: …to study their history for better understanding of their behavior. {Noun phrase}
TL: …mempelajari sejarah mereka untuk lebih memahami perilaku mereka. {Verb}
2) The joined form of adjective participle (i.e. adjective formed from a verb) and noun, or noun phrase in SL becomes noun + noun form in TL.
Example:
SL: engineering technique {adjective + noun}
TL: teknik perekayasaan {noun + noun}
3) Clause in the form of participium (i.e. verb form sharing the functions of a noun) in SL is expressed into its direct form in TL.
Example:
SL: The house designed by my father is being built.
TL: Rumah yang dirancang oleh ayah saya sedang dibangun.
Type 4: the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure.
The emphasis in SL is shown through TL regular grammatical construction.
Example:
SL: This is the book I’ve been looking for all this time.
TL: Buku inilah yang kucari selama ini.
There are many kinds of translation procedures. Translation procedures will make easily to get grammatical equivalence between source language and target language in the process of translation.
Transformation of Sentence
Transformation of a Sentence means changing its form without altering its sense. Knowledge of Sentence Transformation helps us to expand our usage skills by testing various ways of presenting a sentence in multiple ways but without changing its actual meaning.
Example – I have worked here since 2010, can also be expressed like - I worked here in 2010.
Knowing how to rewrite sentences so that they have the same meaning as the original is often required for many English language tests like TOEFL examination or English ESL EFL Exams such as Cambridge's First Certificate, CAE and Proficiency. Sentence Transformation is also an important skill which can help in improve our understanding of similar English expressions and vocabulary.
There are several ways in which a sentence can be transformed. Below mentioned are Sentence Transformations Exercises:
I. Transformation of a Simple Sentence into a Compound Sentences
• Besides being thrown into jail, he was heavily fined.
He was not only thrown into jail but also heavily fined.
• The old men sat near the fire, smoking.
The old man sat near the fire and smoke.
II. Transformation of a Simple Sentence into a Complex Sentences
• He liked my suggestion.
He liked what I suggested.
• His money was not useful to me.
The money which he gave me was not useful to me.
III. Changing an Exclamatory Sentence into an Assertive Sentence
• How beautiful she is! – Exclamatory.
She is very beautiful – Assertive.
• How chivalrous of you to help her like that! - Exclamatory.
It is very chivalrous of you to help her like that - Assertive.
• What a beautiful view! – Exclamatory.
It is a beautiful view - Assertive.
• What a great pleasure it is! - Exclamatory.
This is indeed a great pleasure – Assertive.
IV. Changing an Interrogative Sentence into an Assertive Sentence
• Did I ever ask you to run? – Interrogative.
I never asked you to run - Assertive.
• Is there any fun in doing that? – Interrogative.
There is no fun in doing that - Assertive.
• Is not health better than wealth? - Interrogative.
Health is better than wealth – Assertive.
• Why worry about what people say? – Interrogative.
It is foolish to worry about what people say - Assertive.
V. Changing an Imperative Sentence into an Interrogative Sentence
• Get away from the pool - Imperative.
Will you get away from the pool or not? – Interrogative.
• Please, don’t disturb me - Imperative.
Will you, please, stop disturbing me? – Interrogative.
• Stop staring her – Imperative.
Will you stop staring at her? – Interrogative.
• Shut the door - Imperative.
Will you shut the door? – Interrogative.
VI. Transforming or Interchanging the Degrees of Comparison
• Blue Whale is larger than all the other mammals in the world – Comparative.
No other mammal in the world is as large as the Blue Whale – Positive.
Blue Whale is the largest mammal in the world – Superlative.
• Kim Kardashian is one of the beautiful models in USA – Superlative.
Very few models in USA are beautiful than Kim Kardashian - Comparative.
Most models in USA are not as beautiful as Kim Kardashian – Positive.
• No other spa is as good as the Golden Spa – Positive.
Golden Spa is better than other spas – Comparative.
Golden Spa is the best spa of all the spas - Superlative.
• Nothing else travels as fast as light – Positive.
Light travels faster than anything else – Comparative.
Of all things in the world light travels fastest – Superlative.
VII. Transformation of sentences beginning with 'no sooner'
Transformation of sentences rules
It can be done in two ways - using the expressions:
i) As soon as.
ii) Scarcely (hardly) had ... when ..
• No sooner had I reached the bus-stop than the bus left.
As soon as I reached the bus-stop, the bus left.
Scarcely (or hardly) had I reached the bus-stop when the bus left.