19. Anglophone Shevchenkiana of the xXth century.

Beginning of XXth century – English writer and composer Ethel Lilian Voynich (1864–1960). Voynich started translating Shevchenko`s works in the 90<sup>th</sup> of 19<sup>th</sup> century. In 1911 a collection of translations was published under the title "Six Lyrics of Taras Shevchenko and The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov from Russian by Lermontov". The collection included such poems by Shevchenko: "Заповіт" ("Dig my grave"), "Минають дні, минають ночі..." ("From day to day..."), "Мені однаково, чи буду..." ("I care not..."), "Косар" ("Понад полем іде...") ("Reaper" – "Through the field the reaper goes"), "Минули літа молодії..." ("Winter") та ліричний вступ до поеми "Княжна" "Зоре моя вечірняя..." ("Princess" – "Only Friend"). The translator also included a preface and a biography of Shevchenko where he is characterized as a lyrical poet of great value. After 20 years of work there Voynich published 156 lines of Shevchenko`s poetry.

The prohibition of celebrating Shevchenko's anniversary in 1914 marked the editing of a number of articles about the Ukrainian poet in the English press as well as new translations of his poetry, including Percy Paul Selver and Karl Roberts (in collaboration with Sofiya Volska). In 1914 P. Selver translated the article by V. Levytskyi “Literature of Ukraine”. In 1915 Selver edited his translation of Shevchenko`s “Testament” in the weekly magazine “The New Age”, in 1916 – edited the translation of autobiographical letter of Shevchenko to the editor of a magazine “Народное чтение” and excerpts from Shevchenko`s diary. The same translations were published in “The Anthology of New Slavonic Literature” (1919). Selver included his translations of such Shevchenko`s verses: “І небо невмите, і заспані хвилі…”, “Якби ви знали, паничі…” (перші 42 рядки), “Огні горять, музика грає…”

1918 – a montly edition of the magazine “Ukraine” included a short outline of the history of Ukrainian literature with a portrait of Shevchenko written by V. Levytskyi.

1921 – in a weekly “The Freeman” an article about Shevchenko as a genius poet was written.

1935 – a professor and founder of Slavonic studies in the University of Columbia, A. P. Coleman, made a speech about the history of Ukrainian literature “Brief survey of Ukrainian literature” characterizing Shevchenko`s works and quoting the lines from the poem “Dream” as translated by his wife M. Coleman. In 1960-1964 he translated a poem “Artist” (“Художник”), wrote a preface to Vira Rich translations. But in general in his translations all the poetic features of Shevchenko`s poetry were not fully preserved.

1934 – 1938 – The Ukrainian Research Institute ( Warsaw – Lviv) published 13 out of 16 volumes of Shevchenko’s writings. 1950s – all 16 volumes of Complete Edition of Taras Shevchenko Works were reprinted in the United States. The index of titles of all the verses is provided in the original and in the translations. The Ukrainian pronunciation of all the proper names has been preserved in the English texts.

In the USA a professor of The Columbia University Clarence Augustus Manning (1893–1972) worked for many years in translations of Shevchenko`s works. IN 1928 he first translation – an excerpt from the introduction to the poem “Haydamaky” was done. In 1945 he published a collection of translation of Shevchenko`s poetry titled "Taras Shevchenko. The poet of Ukraine. Selected poems" In the preface to the collection as in the article "Taras Shevchenko as a world poet" (1945) Manning writes: "Shevchenko is one of the greatest masters of world poetry", "Shevchenko – the poet of Ukraine, he is also a poet of humanity".

In his 1961 article "Shevchenko in English Literature" Manning reveals the legacy of Shevchenko to the Anglophone readers and states that his works belongs to the literary heritage of the whole world underlining "We can only hope that in time as the younger Ukrainians attain full command of English, some may apply themselves to the task and that in future the English-speaking world may receive those translations that will allow them appreciate to the full the superb ideology and verse of Taras Shevchenko, the poet of Ukraine".

In 1964 in Toronto the edition of “Kobzar” appeared in translation into English by Canadian Slavonic scholar and lexicographer, translator Constantine Henry Andrusyshen (1907–1983) and Canadian writer and translator W. Kirkconnell (1895–1977). In 1963 K. Andrusyshen and W. Kirkconnell edited and published an anthology "The Ukrainian Poets. 1189–1962" where 29 translations of Shevchenko`s works were included. In 1964 K. Andrusyshen and W. Kirkconnell published a collection of Shevchenko`s poetry "The Poetical Works of Taras Shevchenko. “The Kobzar”" (Тоrontо, 1964). The best samples of translations included: "Тополя" (“The Poplar”), "Катерина", "Сова", "Наймичка" (“The Servant Girl”) where Kirkonnel rendered Ukrainian metre of kolomyiky by metre of English ballads. The preface by K. Andrusyshen was titled "Ukrainian literature and its guiding light Shevchenko" (Winnipeg, 1949).

Vira Rich (Faith Elizabeth Joan Rich, 1936–2009) was the most prominent translator of Shevchenko`s works. She was a British poet, journalist, literary critic, founder of poetical journal "Manifold" ("Розмаїття", 1962–1969, 1998), deputy of the chief of "The Ukrainian Review" ("Український огляд", 1993–1999). In 1959 in the quarterly "The Ukrainian Review" a translation of the poem “Caucasus” was published with an article where the poem was described as “compositional triumph” ("композиційним тріумфом"). In 1961 in London a collection of Shevchenko`s poetry in translation by Vira Rich under the title "Song out of Darkness" ("Пісня з темряви") was published. The collection included 38 verses and 9 poems. The best samples were "Причинна" (“The Bewitched Woman”), "Гамалія", "Неофіти", "Кавказ", "Садок вишневий коло хати..." ("Beside the house, the cherry's flowering"). In the preface to "Song out of Darkness" one of the first translators of Shevchenko`s poetry P highly evaluated the work of Vira Rich.

In 1964 to mark the 150^th anniversary of Shevchenko`s birthday a monument to the poet was erected in Washington where the words from “Caucaus” in translation by Vira Rich were engraved.

In 1959-1969 Vira Rich published the translations of 55 works of Shevchenko (out of which 9 poems and excerpt from a poem “Princess” ("Княжна").

A range of translations by Vira Rich were published in such periodicals as "The Ukrainian Review".

In 1964 verses "Перебендя", “Dream” ("Сон”); in 1965 – cycle “In the Casemate” ("В казематі"); 1969 – on the occasion of 200 anniversary of I. Kotliarevskyi birth an article by Vira Rich about the significance of new Ukrainian literature and the translation of a verse “To eternal Kotlyarevskyi” (“На вічну пам'ять Котляревському”)

In Ukraine Shevchenko`s works translated by Vira Rich were published in 2007 “Mystetstvo” publishing house under the title "Taras Shevchenko. Selected Poems. Paintings. Graphic Works".

March 11, 1951 on the occasion of 90^th anniversary of Shevchenko`s birth a professor of the Institute of Slavonic Studies of London University V. K. Mathews delivered a speech “Taras Shevchenko. The Man and the Symbol” which was published as a brochure. 1961– a collection of translations by Vira Rich where the speech by Mathews was republished.

1961 – P. Bentley’s research “Taras Shevchenko, Ukraine`s poet of freedom” was published in the English edition of “Courier UNESCO”. March, 1964 – Marshall “Shevchenko in England: Digest of the Soviet Ukrainian press” – here the short history of translations of Shevchenko`s works is outlined.

1955 – In London Slavonic journal an article “Taras Shevchenko and West European literature” by Yu. Bojko (translated by V. Swoboda) was published.

Canada. 1943 – the first facultative course of Ukrainian was created in the University of Saskatchewan. 1976 – the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies was set up in the University of Alberta where in 1978 in a “Journal of Ukrainian Studies” an article “An examination of Shevchenko`s romanticism’ by I. Schneider was published. 1989 – an article by Ya. Rozumnyi “The return of a symbol: Shevchenko`s Kateryna in contemporary Soviet Ukrainian literature”.

1962 – a collection of materials from Shevchenko symposium of 1961 in the US was published (edited by V. Miakovs`kyi and Y. Shevelov on behalf of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the United States).

1964 – a book by Р. Смаль-Стоцький “Shevchenko meets America” (included a number of portraits by Oldridge, Irving, Honcharenko etc).

1964 – “Dictionary of Shevchenko`s language” in 2 volumes where all words that occur in Shevchenko`s works was published.

1978 – V. Swoboda (Vitaliy Tkanov) – published 3 articles about the relationship between Shevchenko and V. Belinskyi – “Shevchenko and Belinsky revisited”.

1971 – a professor of the University of Toronto Ю. Луцький published an article “Between Gogol and Shevchenko. Polarity in Literary Ukraine”. 1981 – Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies in University of Toronto published an anthology of Shevchenko`s critics “Shevchenko and the critics, 1861-1980” edited by Ю. Луцький.

1988 – “Shevchenko and the World” edited by V. Borodin – a collection of articles about Shevchenko`s works was published in English in Ukraine.

1992 – a researcher from Toronto A. Makolkin (studied in Odesa University) published an article “Name, hero, icon. Semiotics of nationalism through heroic biography”.

H. Hrabovych - professor of the department of Ukrainian literature in Harvard University made a contribution to the studies of Shevchenko`s activity. He is the author of a monograph “Poet as a mythmaker” (1991) where he outlines the semantics of Shevchenko`s symbols. 1960 – an article about a poem “Tryzna”. 2013 – a monograph in Ukrainian “Шевченкові «Гайдамаки»: Поема і Критика».

English periodicals “Harvard Ukrainian Studies” included such interesting researches as: “The author`s digressions in Shevchenko`s “Hajdamaky”: Their nature and function” by D. F. Sloane (1985) and “The reality of the narrator: typological features of Shevchenko`s prose” by V. Gitin (1985)

2001 – “A Concordance to the Poetic Works of Taras Shevchenko” in 4 volumes – a lexicographic source edited by O. Ilnytskyi and Yu. Havrysh.

2013 – first full translation of Kobzar by Fedynskyi. Its preface was written by Professor of University of Pennsylvania, M. Naidan.