Variant d

1. What is communication? Write about how much time managers spend on communication.

Communication - a process by which information is exchanged and understood by people, usually with the intent to motivate or influence behavior.

• Manager spends 80% of every working day in direct communication with others -48min/hour.

• Manager spends 20% of every working day in communication in the form of reading and writing -12min/hour.

2. Managers have to take into consideration team characteristics. Write three characteristics of team and briefly explain the diversity.

These characteristics include: Size, Diversity, Member roles.

Diversity: Teams require a variety of skills, knowledge, and experience; it seems likely that diversified teams would be more effective than homogeneous ones.

• Diversified teams tend to:

• Produce more innovative solutions to problems;

• Become a source of creativity;

• Functional, racial, national, gender diversity have a positive impact on work team performance.

3. Briefly define motivation process theories.

Motivation process theories - a group of theories that explain how employees select behavioral actions to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful. There are two basic process theories: equity theory and expectancy theory.

Equity theory focuses on individuals’ feelings of how fairly they are treated compared with others. Theory about fair balance between an employee’s inputs and outcomes.

Expectancy theory states that motivation depends on individuals’ expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards. If people expect a positive and desirable outcome, they’ll usually work hard to perform at the level expected of them.

4. Difference between the centralization, decentralization and departmentalization.

Centralization means that decision authority is located near the top of the organization.

Decentralization means that decision authority is pushed down to lower hierarchical levels.

Departmentalization - the basis on which employees are grouped into departments and departments are grouped into total organization.

Variant e

1. What is the motivation? And give simple model of motivation.

Motivation – internal and external forces that drive an individual to perform certain actions.

NEED- creates desire to fulfill needs (food, friendship, recognition, achievement).

BEHAVIOR- results in actions to fulfill needs.

REWARDS- satisfy needs; intrinsic or extrinsic rewards.

FEEDBACK- reward informs person that the behavior was appropriate and should be used again.

2. Difference between channel richness and non-verbal communication.

Channel richness – the amount of information that can be transmitted during communication.

Non-verbal communication – a communication transmitted through actions and behaviors rather than through words.

A good manager should not only share information with others but also he should be able to listen to others.