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Северо-Восточный федеральный университет им. М.К. Аммосова

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Нормальная анатомия

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134 Digestive and respiratory system

GALLBLADDER. Vesica biliaris (fellea). 8−

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

Apparatus

respira-

12 cm long, pear-shaped reservoir for bile. A

torius (systema respiratorium).

Fundus of gallbladder. Fundus vesicae biliaris.

EXTERNAL NOSE. Nasus externus. E

Caudally directed rounded end of gallbladder. A

Root of nose. Radix nasi (nasalis). Upper por-

3 Body of gallbladder. Corpus ves. biliaris. Por-

tion of the nose which lies between the two or-

tion of gallbladder between

the fundus and

bits. D E

neck. A

20 Dorsum (bridge) of nose. Dorsum nasi. E

4 Neck of gallbladder. Collum

vesicae biliaris.

21 Tip of nose. Apex nasi. E

The portion of the gallbladder continuous with

Alae (wings) of

nose. Alae nasi. Winglike

the cystic duct. A

structures forming the lateral borders of the

Tunica serosa. Peritoneal lining of the gallblad-

nares. E

der. B

Nasal cartilages. Cartilagines nasi (nasalis).

Tela subserosa. Connective tissue underlying

Pieces of cartilage which form the non-osseous

the peritoneum. B

supporting skeleton of the nose. C

7 Tunica muscularis. Muscle layer in the wall of

Lateral nasal cartilage. [Cartilago nasi later-

the gallbladder. B

alis]. No longer classified as independent left

Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of gall-

and right plates of cartilage, but as part of the

bladder with simple columnar epithelium

nasal septum with which each is partially

comprised of tall prismatic cells. B

fused. C

Plicae mucosae. Mucosal folds that project

Greater alar cartilage. Cartilago alaris major.

into the lumen, thus producing a loculate relief

Hook-shaped cartilage surrounding the nares

pattern. A B

and forming the tip of the nose. C

Cystic duct. Ductus cysticus. Duct that drains

Medial crus. Crus mediale. The part of the

the gallbladder. It joins the common hepatic

greater alar cartilage that forms the anterior

duct to form the common bile duct (ductus

and lower part of the nasal septum. C D

choledochus). A

Lateral crus. Crus laterale. The part of the

Spiral fold. Plica spiralis. A spiral elevation in

greater alar

cartilage

that curves

laterally

the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct.

around the nares. C

Lesser alar cartilages. Cartilagines alares

Bile duct. Ductus choledochus (biliaris). Duct

minores. Single, small plates of cartilage which

formed by the union of the cystic duct and

supplement the greater alar cartilage. C

common hepatic duct; it passes into the greater

Accessory

nasal

cartilages. Cartilagines

duodenal papilla. A

nasales accessoriae. Small pieces of cartilage

13 Sphincter muscle of bile duct. M. sphincter

occasionally present between the cartilaginous

ductus choledochi. Thickened, annular muscle

nasal septum and greater alar cartilage that

that forms sphincter directly before the hepa-

supplement the cartilaginous nasal skeleton.

topancreatic ampulla. A

Cartilaginous nasal septum. Cartilago septi

Hepatopancreatic ampulla. Ampulla hepato-

nasi. Large independent piece of cartilage in the

pancreatica. Dilatation in the wall of the

wall of the nasal septum between the perpen-

duodenum immediately after the opening of

dicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer. D

the pancreatic duct into the bile duct. A

30 a Lateral process. Processus lateralis. Dorsolateral

M. sphincter ampullae hepatopancreaticae

cartilaginous ridge of the nasal septum fused

(sphincter ampullae). Thickened annular

above with the lateral nasal cartilage. D

sheath of muscle that invests the ampulla

Posterior process. Processus posterior (sphe-

(sphincter of Oddi). A

noidalis). Variably long process between the

16 Biliary glands. Gll. biliares. Mucous glands in

vomer and the perpendicular plate; it can ex-

the wall of the biliary excretory ducts.

tend as far as the sphenoid. D

Vomeronasal cartilage. Cartilago vomer-

onasalis [[Jacobson’s cartilage]]. Narrow strip of

cartilage on the lower end of the nasal septum

between the cartilaginous nasal septum and

the vomer. D

33 Mobile part of nasal septum. [[Pars mobilis

septi nasi]]. Anterioinferior, very mobile part of

the nasal septum which contains the medial

crus of the greater alar cartilage.

Digestive and respiratory system 135

132.8						1
						1
						2
						2
11						3
11						3
		10		12		4
		10
	4
	4		16		9


						5
						5


						6

							8
		13					7


		15				14	128.18
		15					128.18


					3		5
					3


							6
				Gallbladder,					Wall of gallbladder
			A					B
			A					B
2	9				cystic and bile ducts
2	9				and pancreatic duct
					and pancreatic duct

			19
			19
			32.2
		24	30a
			30a
			30
			31
			28
25			26
25
			32


26		27	19
			19
	Nasal cartilages				Cartilaginous nasal septum
C	Nasal cartilages		20	D	Cartilaginous nasal septum
			20

21 22

E External nose

	136			Respiratory system
				NASAL CAVITY. Cavitas nasalis. A B C	17	Cavernous plexus of concha. Plexus cavernosi
1		1		NASAL CAVITY. Cavitas nasalis. A B C	17	Cavernous plexus of concha. Plexus cavernosi
1		2		Nasal openings (nostrils). Nares. They are sur-		concharum. Venous plexuses especially preva-
				rounded by the nasal alae and nasal septum. B C		lent in the region of the inferior concha and
2		3		Choanae. Posterior openings of nasal cavity. C		posterior nasal cavity.
2		3		Choanae. Posterior openings of nasal cavity. C	18	Agger nasi. Ridge-like elevations comprising
		4		Nasal septum. Septum nasale. Nasal partition	18	Agger nasi. Ridge-like elevations comprising
3				comprised of bony, cartilaginous and mem-		the remains of an earlier accessory concha
3				comprised of bony, cartilaginous and mem-		directly in front of the middle nasal concha. A
				branous parts. C		directly in front of the middle nasal concha. A
				branous parts. C	19 Sphenoethmoidal recess. Recessus sphenoeth-
4		5		Membranous part. Pars membranacea. Con-	19 Sphenoethmoidal recess. Recessus sphenoeth-
4		5		Membranous part. Pars membranacea. Con-		moidalis. Recess above the superior nasal con-
				nective tissue portion of nasal septum at the tip		cha between the anterior wall of the sphe-
				of the nose. C		cha between the anterior wall of the sphe-
5				of the nose. C		noidal sinus and the roof of the nasal cavity. A
			5 a	Cartilaginous part. Pars cartilagina. Portion of		noidal sinus and the roof of the nasal cavity. A
					20 Superior nasal meatus. Meatus nasi superior.

				the nasal septum situated between the mem-
						Nasal passage above the middle nasal concha. A
6
				branous and bony parts.
				branous and bony parts.	21	Middle nasal meatus. Meatus nasi medius.
	6			Bony part of nasal septum. Pars ossea. Per-	21	Middle nasal meatus. Meatus nasi medius.
						Nasal passage between the middle and inferior
7
				pendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer. C
				pendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer. C		nasal concha. A
	7			Vomeronasal (Jacobson’s) organ. Organum	22	Atrium of middle meatus. Atrium meatus
8				vomeronasale. Blind sac occasionally present		medii. Area at the beginning of the middle
				above the incisive canal. It is a vestige of an ear-		meatus in front of the middle and above the in-
				lier phylogenetic accessory organ of smell. A C		ferior concha. A

98 Vestibule of nose. Vestibulum nasi (nasale). 23 Inferior nasal meatus. Meatus nasi inferior.

		Anterior segment of nasal cavity extending up	Lower nasal passage between the inferior nasal
10		Anterior segment of nasal cavity extending up	Lower nasal passage between the inferior nasal
10		to the limen nasi. It is covered by squamous	concha and the floor of the nasal cavity. A
		epithelium which changes to ciliary epithelium	23 a Aperture of nasolacrimal duct. Apertum duc-
		epithelium which changes to ciliary epithelium
11		at the limen. A B
		at the limen. A B	tus nasolacrimalis. Opening of the nasolacrimal
	9 Limen nasi. Ridge at the end of the vestibule		tus nasolacrimalis. Opening of the nasolacrimal
			duct provided with a flap-like mucosal fold. See
			duct provided with a flap-like mucosal fold. See
		produced by the margin of the alar cartilage. A	p. 364.23
12		produced by the margin of the alar cartilage. A	p. 364.23
12		B	24 Nasopharyngeal meatus. Meatus nasopharyn-
	10 Olfactory sulcus. Sulcus olfactorius. Groove on		geus. Junction of the three nasal passages be-
13	10 Olfactory sulcus. Sulcus olfactorius. Groove on		geus. Junction of the three nasal passages be-
13		the olfactory area passing between the root of	hind the conchae. A
		the middle nasal concha and the bridge of the	25 Incisive duct. [Ductus incisivus]. Blind sac oc-
		the middle nasal concha and the bridge of the
		nose. A B
14		nose. A B	casionally present on the floor of the nasal cav-
14	11	Superior nasal concha (turbinate). Concha	casionally present on the floor of the nasal cav-
			ity near the septum, about 2 cm behind the ex-
			ity near the septum, about 2 cm behind the ex-
		nasalis superior. Small, upper concha situated	ternal nasal opening. A
15		nasalis superior. Small, upper concha situated	ternal nasal opening. A
15		in front of the sphenoidal sinus. A B

12 Middle nasal concha (turbinate). Concha

16nasalis media. Most of the openings of the paranasal sinuses lie below it. A B

1713 Inferior nasal concha (turbinate). Concha nasalis inferior. Lowest and longest of the nasal conchae. It covers the opening of the nasolacri-

18mal duct. A B

14 [[Tunica mucosa nasi]]. Nasal mucous mem-

19brane consisting primarily of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

2015 Respiratory region. Regio respiratoria. Part of the nasal mucosa with ciliated epithelium. It begins in the vestibule and lines the entire

21nasal cavity except for the olfactory region.

16 Olfactory region. Regio olfactoria. Area about

22the size of a nickel containing olfactory cells; it is located superiorly on the nasal septum and

23on the lateral nasal wall below the cribriform plate. A

16 a Nasal (olfactory) glands. Glandulae nasales.

24 Predominantly serous, tubular glands. Their thin secretions cleanse the olfactory

25epithelium and can enhance odorous substances.

Respiratory system 137

				19			138.3				2
				19			138.3

			16									3

18					11
18			12					20				4
22


								21				5
9
9
8			13				24
							24					6




												7
												7
7;25				23					10
7;25				23								8
												8
	Lateral nasal wall										138.3
											138.3
A												9
A
		with sphenoidal sinus
		with sphenoidal sinus
										11
										11		10
							1		12			10


												11


				9


							8		13			12


							2					13


												14


							Lateral nasal wall					15
						B	Lateral nasal wall					15

												16

4				17
4
		6
		6		18
				18


5				19
5
2			3
			3	20




		7		21



				22
	Nasal septum

C
C				23
				23


				24


				25

	138		Respiratory system
			Paranasal sinuses. Sinus paranasales. A B			19	Superior thyroid tubercle. Tuberculum thy-
1		1	Paranasal sinuses. Sinus paranasales. A B			19	Superior thyroid tubercle. Tuberculum thy-
1		2	Maxillary	sinus.	Sinus maxillaris. Situated		roideum superior. Small lateral prominence on
		2	Maxillary	sinus.	Sinus maxillaris. Situated		the outside of the thyroid lamina at the upper
			below the orbit and lateral to the nose, it opens				the outside of the thyroid lamina at the upper
2			below the orbit and lateral to the nose, it opens				end of the oblique line. C D
2			below the middle nasal concha. A				end of the oblique line. C D
		3	Sphenoidal sinus. Sinus sphenoidalis. Paired			20	Inferior thyroid tubercle. Tuberculum thy-
		3	Sphenoidal sinus. Sinus sphenoidalis. Paired				roideum inferius. Small lateral prominence at
3			sinus within the		sphenoid bone behind the		roideum inferius. Small lateral prominence at
3			sinus within the		sphenoid bone behind the		the lower end of the oblique line. C D
			sphenoethmoidal recess and above the na-				the lower end of the oblique line. C D
			sphenoethmoidal recess and above the na-
4			sopharyngeal cavity; it opens into the 21				Oblique line. Linea obliqua. Oblique ridge on
4			sphenoethmoidal recess. B				the outside of the thyroid cartilage for the at-
		4	Frontal sinus. [[Cellulae ethmoidales]]. Sinus				tachment of the sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
5		4	Frontal sinus. [[Cellulae ethmoidales]]. Sinus				muscles and the inferior constrictor muscle of
5			frontalis. Sinus in the squama of the frontal				muscles and the inferior constrictor muscle of
			bone and often also in the orbital part, it opens				the pharynx. C D
			bone and often also in the orbital part, it opens			22	Superior horn (cornu). Cornu superius. Super-
6			below the middle concha. A B			22	Superior horn (cornu). Cornu superius. Super-
6	5		Ethmoidal sinus. Sinus ethmoidales. System of				ior process of thyroid cartilage. It serves for the
							ior process of thyroid cartilage. It serves for the
							attachment of the thyrohyoid ligament. C D
			cavities with pea-sized air cells between the
7
						23	Inferior horn (cornu). Cornu inferius. Inferior
			nasal cavity and orbit. It is divided into the fol-			23	Inferior horn (cornu). Cornu inferius. Inferior
			lowing parts. A				process of posterior margin of thyroid cartilage
8	6		Anterior	sinus.	Sinus anteriores. Anterior		for articular connection with the cricoid car-
			group of ethmoidal air cells which opens below				tilage. C D
			group of ethmoidal air cells which opens below			24	Thyroid foramen. [Foramen thyroideum]. Hole
9			the middle nasal concha. A			24	Thyroid foramen. [Foramen thyroideum]. Hole
9	7		Middle sinus. Sinus medii. Middle group of				occasionally present laterally below the super-
							occasionally present laterally below the super-
							ior tubercle for passage of the superior laryn-
			ethmoidal air cells which opens below the				ior tubercle for passage of the superior laryn-
10			ethmoidal air cells which opens below the				geal artery and vein. C
10			middle nasal concha. A				geal artery and vein. C
	8		Posterior	sinus. Sinus posteriores. Posterior		25 Thyrohyoid membrane. Membrana thyrohy-
11	8		Posterior	sinus. Sinus posteriores. Posterior			oidea. Membrane rich in elastic fibers between
			group of ethmoidal air cells which opens below				oidea. Membrane rich in elastic fibers between
			group of ethmoidal air cells which opens below				the upper posterior margin of the hyoid bone
			the superior nasal concha. A				the upper posterior margin of the hyoid bone
			the superior nasal concha. A				and the thyroid cartilage. C
12	9		Ethmoidal bulla. Bulla ethmoidalis. Rudimen-				and the thyroid cartilage. C
12	9		Ethmoidal bulla. Bulla ethmoidalis. Rudimen-			26	Median thyrohyoid membrane. Lig. thyrohy-
			tary nasal concha in the form of a vesicular,			26	Median thyrohyoid membrane. Lig. thyrohy-
			tary nasal concha in the form of a vesicular,				oideum medianum. Median reinforcement of
			bulging ethmoidal air cell located below the				oideum medianum. Median reinforcement of
13			bulging ethmoidal air cell located below the				the thyrohyoid membrane with abundant elas-
13			middle nasal concha. B				the thyrohyoid membrane with abundant elas-
		10 Infundibulum ethmoidale. Recess in front of					tic fibers. C
							tic fibers. C
14						26 a	Pre-epiglottic	fat	body. Corpus adiposum
			the ethmoidal bulla in the middle nasal meatus.			26 a	Pre-epiglottic	fat	body. Corpus adiposum
			the ethmoidal bulla in the middle nasal meatus.				prae-epiglotticum. Space-filling adipose body
			It receives the openings of the maxillary and				prae-epiglotticum. Space-filling adipose body
			It receives the openings of the maxillary and				between epiglottis,		thyronhyoid membrane
15			frontal sinuses. B				between epiglottis,		thyronhyoid membrane
			frontal sinuses. B				and hyo-epiglottic ligament. C See 143 C
	11		Hiatus semilunaris. Semilunar fissure be-				and hyo-epiglottic ligament. C See 143 C
						27	Lateral thyrohyoid		ligament. Ligamentum

			tween the ethmoidal bulla and the uncinate
16			tween the ethmoidal bulla and the uncinate				thyrohyoideum	laterale. Ligament extending
			process. B				thyrohyoideum	laterale. Ligament extending
			process. B				from the superior horn to the posterior end of
	12		LARYNX. It lies between the pharynx and tra-				from the superior horn to the posterior end of
							the greater horn of the hyoid bone. It provides
17							the greater horn of the hyoid bone. It provides
17			chea. C				lateral reinforcement for the thyrohyoid mem-
	13		LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES AND JOINTS. Car-				brane. C
18	13		LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES AND JOINTS. Car-
18			tilagines et articulationes laryngeales.			28	Cartilago triticea. Elastic cartilage, the size of
	14		Thyroid cartilage. Cartilago thyroidea. Largest				a grain of wheat, in the thyrohyoid ligament. C
							a grain of wheat, in the thyrohyoid ligament. C

19laryngeal cartilage that partially encloses the others. C D

2015 Laryngeal prominence. Prominentia laryngea. Prominence in the midline of the neck produced by the thyroid cartilage. It is more pro-

21nounced in males (Adam’s apple). C D

16 Right/left lamina. Lamina dextra/sinistra.

22Lateral plates of the thyroid cartilage meeting in the midline like the bow of a ship. C D

2317 Superior thyroid notch. Incisura thyroidea superior. Deep, median notch in the upper portion of the thyroid cartilage, between the right

24and left thyroid laminae. C D

18 Inferior thyroid notch. Incisura thyroidea in-

25ferius. Shallow median notch at the lower margin of the thyroid cartilage. D

Respiratory system 139

3 4

2				2

AParanasal sinuses without sphenoidal sinus

			27
			27
			28
			28
26			27
			27

	25	22
	25	22

26a
26a
16
17		19
17

15
15	14		24
	14
	16
	16	20	21
			21

			23
			23

C Larynx

					5


		4			6
		4

		9	3		7


					8

10					9
10					9
11
11					10
					10


					11


					12


					13
	Lateral nasal wall
B
B					14
	without middle				14
	nasal concha
	nasal concha
					15
				22

					16
					16


					17
16

					18

17
17
15		14	19
			19		19


		16		21

					20


		20

					21
18
18

	23	22
	23

		23
D	Thyroid cartilage	23
D	Thyroid cartilage

140

Respiratory system

Cricoid cartilage. Cartilago cricoidea. Ring of

Triangular fovea. Fovea triangularis. Gland-

cartilage lying at the upper end of the trachea

filled depression above the oblong fovea. C

that articulates with the thyroid cartilage. A B D

Medial surface. Facies medialis. C

Arch of cricoid cartilage. Arcus cartilaginis cri-

Posterior surface. Facies posterior. C

coideae. Anterior and lateral parts of cricoid

Apex of arytenoid cartilage. Apex cartilaginis

cartilage. A B

arytenoideae. It

arches posteriorly from the

3 Lamina of cricoid cartilage. Lamina cartilaginis

arytenoid cartilage. C D

cricoideae. Tall posterior plate of the cricoid

Muscular process. Processus muscularis. Short

cartilage. A B

Articular surface for arytenoid cartilage. Fa-

process that projects posterolaterally from the

arytenoid cartilage for attachment of the poste-

cies articularis arytenoidea. Oblique, oval artic-

rior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles. C

ular facet for the arytenoid cartilage located

Cricoarytenoid

joint. Articulatio

cricoaryte-

laterally at the upper margin of the cricoid

noidea. Cylindrical joint between the cricoid

lamina. A

5 Articular surface for thyroid cartilage. Fa-

and arytenoid cartilages. It permits oscillating

movements around an obliquely placed cylin-

cies articularis thyroidea. Somewhat promi-

drical axis and gliding movements parallel to

nent articular facet for the thyroid cartilage sit-

the axis. D

uated inferiorly on the lateral margin of the

Articular

capsule

of cricoarytenoid

joint.

lamina. A

Capsula

articularis

cricoarytenoidea.

Thin-

Cricothyroid joint. Articulatio cricothyroidea.

walled, flaccid capsule of joint between cricoid

Articulation between the thyroid and cricoid

and arytenoid cartilages. D

cartilages. It permits tilting movements as well

Cricoarytenoid

ligament. Lig.

cricoaryte-

as horizontal and vertical gliding movements. B

noideum. Important elastic ligament for the

Cricothyroid joint capsule. Capsula articu-

closure of the rima glottidis. It passes posteri-

laris cricothyroidea. Thin articular capsule. B

orly from the cricoid lamina to the medial part

7 a

Ceratocricoid ligament. Lig. ceratocri-

of the arytenoid. D

coideum. Capsular reinforcement for limitation

Cricopharyngeal ligament. Lig. cricopharyn-

of shearing movements. B

geum. Fiber tract beginning at the corniculate

8 Median cricothyroid ligament. Lig. cricothy-

cartilage. After attachment to the posterior side

roideum medianum. Strong vertical ligament

of the cricoid, it passes beneath the overlying

in the midline between the thyroid and cricoid

pharyngeal mucosa. D

cartilages. B D

Sesamoid

cartilage. [Cartilago sesamoidea].

Cricotracheal ligament.

Lig. cricotracheale.

Piece of elastic cartilage occasionally present in

Elastic membrane between the cricoid cartilage

the anterior end of the vocal ligament and near

and the first tracheal cartilage. B D

the arytenoid cartilage. D

Arytenoid cartilage. Cartilago anytenoidea.

Corniculate cartilage. Cartilago

corniculata

Pyramid-like cartilage on the cricoid cartilage.

[[Santorini]]. Small elastic cartilage at the apex

of the arytenoid cartilage. It produces the

C D

11 Articular surface. Facies articularis. Cylindrical,

corniculate tubercle. C D

Corniculate tubercle. Tuberculum cornicu-

concave joint surface below the muscular

process for articulation with the cricoid. C

latum. Mucosa-covered prominence over the

Base of arytenoid. Basis

cartilaginis aryte-

corniculate cartilage directly above the apex of

the arytenoid cartilage. See page 142.9

noideae. Undersurface of arytenoid cartilage. C

1913 Anterolateral surface. Facies anterolateralis. Surface directed anterolaterally for muscular insertion and origin. C

2014 Vocal process. Processus vocalis. Anteriorly directed process for attachment of the vocal

21ligament. C

15 Arcuate crest. Crista arcuata. Cartilaginous

22ridge which begins between the oblong and triangular foveae, arches around the triangular fovea and ends at the colliculus. C

2316 Colliculus. Small projection at the end of the arcuate crest. C D

2417 Oblong fovea. Fovea oblonga. Depression on the anteroinferior surface of the arytenoid car-

25tilage for attachment of the thyroarytenoid muscle. C

Respiratory system 141

					3
	2		5		5		8			3

								1


										6;7;7a
								2


		Cricoid cartilage, left and posterior view					9			9
							9			9

	A
									Thyroid and cricoid cartilages
28	21				15	21	21	B	Thyroid and cricoid cartilages
28	21				15	21	21		from left
				16			28

15	18					20
	13	14	14					13


	17		19	22			22

22								14

		12			11

C Right arytenoid cartilage, lateral,		15
C Right arytenoid cartilage, lateral,	21
medial and posterior views	21	16
medial and posterior views		16
	28	17
144.11	16
144.11	10	18
27		18
27	25
	25
144.13	26	19
27	23
	24	20
	26	20
8	26
8

1		21

		22
9


		23
		23
	Sagittal section of larynx,
D
D		24
	medial view	24

		25

142 Respiratory system

1	1	Cuneiform cartilage. Cartilago cuneiformis.	18 M. vocalis. o: Inner surface of thyroid cartilage
1		Variably small cartilage beneath a small group	near the midline. i: Vocal process and oblong
		of glands in the aryepiglottic fold. D	fovea of arytenoid cartilage. A: By its tension it
2	2	Cuneiform tubercle. Tuberculum cuneiforme.	alters the intrinsic vibrations of the vocal cord.
		Prominence in the aryepiglottic fold caused by	I: Recurrent laryngeal nerve. E
3		the cuneiform cartilage. If the cartilage is ab-	19 Thyroepiglottic muscle. [[M. thyroepiglotti-
3		sent, it can also be produced by glands. B D	cus]]. Now the thyroepiglottic part of the thy-
	3	Epiglottis. Elastic cartilage shaped like a shoe-	roarytenoid muscle. See p. 20 D
4		horn. B C E	20 Thyroarytenoid muscle. M. thyroarytenoideus.
	4	Stalk of epiglottis. Petiolus epiglottidis.	o: Anterior inner surface of thyroid cartilage. i:
5		Downward pointing end of the epiglottic car-	Muscular process and lateral surface of aryte-
5		tilage that is attached to the thyroid cartilage	noid cartilage. A: Synergist in closure of rima
		tilage that is attached to the thyroid cartilage	noid cartilage. A: Synergist in closure of rima
		by connective tissue. A D	glottidis. I: Recurrent laryngeal nerve. D E
		by connective tissue. A D	glottidis. I: Recurrent laryngeal nerve. D E

65 Epiglottic tubercle. Tuberculum epiglotticum. 20 a Thyroepiglottic part. Pars thyroepiglottica. o:

Small prominence at the posterior surface of

Anterior, inner surface of thyroid cartilage. i:

the mucosa above the stalk. B

Epiglottis and quadrangular membrane. I: Re-

6 Epiglottic

cartilage. Cartilago

epiglottica.

current laryngeal nerve. D See p. 19.

Skeleton of epiglottis consisting of elastic car-

Oblique arytenoid muscle. M. arytenoideus

tilage. A C D

obliquus. o: Posterior surface of muscular

Thyroepiglottic ligament. Lig. thyroepiglotti-

process. i: Apex of contralateral arytenoid car-

cum. Ligament attaching

the

stalk

the

tilage. A: Draws the arytenoid cartilages closer

epiglottis to the posterior surface of the thyroid

together. Synergist in closure of rima glottidis. I.

cartilage. A D

Recurrent laryngeal nerve. B

Hyoepiglottic ligament. Lig. hyoepiglotticum.

21 a Aryepiglottic

part. Pars

aryepiglottica. o:

Ligament between the hyoid and epiglottis. C

Apex of arytenoid cartilage. i: Margin of

Corniculate tubercle. Tuberculum cornicu-

epiglottis. Foundation of aryepiglottic fold. A:

latum. Mucosa-covered prominence over the

Depresses the epiglottis. See 11.

corniculate cartilage just above the apex of the

Transverse arytenoid muscle. M. arytenoideus

arytenoid cartilage. B D

transversus. o: Posterior surface of arytenoid

10 Laryngeal musculature. Musculi laryngis. B C

cartilage. i: Same surface of contralateral aryte-

D E

noid cartilage. A: Approximates arytenoid car-

[[M. aryepiglotticus]]. Now the

aryepiglottic

tilages. Synergist in closure of rima glottidis. I:

part of the arytenoid muscle. See p. 21 a. B D

Recurrent laryngeal nerve. B

M. cricothyroideus. o: Anterolateral aspect of

Laryngeal cavity. Cavitas laryngis. E

cricoid cartilage. i: Interiorly at outer and inner

Laryngeal inlet (aditus). Aditus laryngis. En-

surfaces of the thyroid cartilage lamina. A:

trance into larynx between the epiglottis, ary-

Tenses vocal ligament by lifting the cricoid car-

epiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch. B E

tilage forward and tilting back the lamina and

Aryepiglottic

fold. Plica

aryepiglottica. Mu-

the arytenoid cartilage. I: Superior laryngeal

cosal fold over the aryepiglottic muscle. It ex-

nerve (different innervation than other intrin-

tends from the apex of the arytenoid cartilage

sic laryngeal muscles). C E

to the lateral margin of the epiglottis. B D

Straight part. Pars recta. Anterior, somewhat

Interarytenoid notch.

Incisura interaryte-

more steeply coursing fibers. C

noidea. Mucosa-covered slit between the two

Oblique part. Pars obliqua. Posterior, more

apices of the arytenoids. B

horizontally coursing fibers. C

Vestibule of

larynx.

Vestibulum laryngis.

cri-

Posterior

cricoarytenoid

muscle.

Upper part of laryngeal cavity extending as far

coarytenoideus posterior. o: Posterior surface

as the vestibular [ventricular] folds. E

of cricoid

cartilage. i: Muscular process

Rima vestibuli. Interval between the two vesti-

arytenoid cartilage. A: By swinging the vocal

bular folds. E

process upward and outward, it opens the rima

glottidis. It is the only abductor of the vocal

Vestibular (ventricular) fold. Plica vestibu-

folds. I: Recurrent laryngeal nerve. B D

laris [ventricularis]. Fold produced by the vesti-

Ceratocricoid muscle. [M. ceratocricoideus].

bular ligament. It lies between the laryngeal

Anatomic variant. o: Inferior horn of thyroid

ventricle and vestibule. E

cartilage. i: Inferior margin of cricoid cartilage.

29 a Intermediate laryngeal cavity. Cavitas laryngis

I: Recurrent laryngeal nerve. B

intermedia. Space between the vestibular and

17 Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle. M. cricoaryte-

vocal folds.

noideus lateralis. o: Upper lateral margin of cri-

24coid cartilage. i: Anteriorly at muscular process of arytenoid cartilage and adjacent area. A:

25Synergist in closing of rima glottidis. I: Recurrent laryngeal nerve. D

Respiratory system 143

6			3
		25
		25	24
			24
		2
		2	5		11
	4	9	5

				26

Laryngeal cartilages, posterior view

Laryngeal musculature, posterior view

138.26a

8 6

3				3
				3
			25
		6	11	27
			11

			2	23
			2	24
				24
				1
			19	9
			19
			20
	13			23
	13

12	14	17

C	Larynx, anterolateral view	D	Larynx, left lamina of thyroid	E	Larynx, frontal section,
			cartilage removed		posterior view

2829 17

18 18

20 19

144

Respiratory system

Ventricle of larynx. Ventriculus laryngis 17

TRACHEA. Airway characterized by its cartilage-

[[Morgagni]].

Lateral

outpocketings

between

containing wall and its branches, the bronchi. E

the vocal and vestibular folds. B C D

18 Cervical part. Pars cervicalis. The cervical seg-

Saccule (appendix) of larynx. Sacculus laryn-

ment of the trachea extending from C6 to C7.

gis [[appendix ventriculi laryngis]]. Small blind

Thoracic part. Pars thoracica. The thoracic seg-

sac directed upward from the ventricle. B

ment extending from T1 to T4.

3 Glottis. Voice-producing part of the larynx con-

Tracheal cartilages.

Cartilagines tracheales.

sisting of the two vocal folds and the interval

Horseshoe-shaped cartilages of the tracheal

(Rima glottidis) between them. A

4 Rima glottidis. Space between the two aryte-

wall. E F H

Tracheal muscle. Musculus trachealis. Smooth

noid cartilages and the vocal cords. A

Vocal fold. Plica vocalis. Mucosal

fold sup-

muscle between the free ends of the horseshoe-

shaped tracheal cartilages. H

ported by the underlying vocal ligament and

laterally by the vocalis muscle. A

Annular ligaments of trachea. Ligg. anularia

Intermembranous part. Pars intermem-

tracheae, Ligg.

trachealia. Connective tissue

bridges between the tracheal cartilages. E F

branacea. Portion of the rima glottidis extend-

ing from the thyroid cartilage to the apex of the

Membranous

wall.

Paries membranaceus.

vocal process. A

Posterior wall of trachea. F

Intercartilaginous

part.

Pars

intercar-

24 Bifurcation of trachea. Bifurcatio tracheae [tra-

tilaginea. Portion of rima glottidis between the

chealis]. Asymmetrical division of trachea at

arytenoid cartilages. A

level of T4. E G

7 a Interarytenoid fold.

Plica

interarytenoidea.

Carina tracheae. Ridge projecting into the

Mucosal fold between the arytenoid cartilages. A

lumen of the trachea at its bifurcation and pro-

Infraglottic cavity. Cavitas infraglottica. Lowest

viding an aerodynamic effect. G

portion of laryngeal cavity. It is enclosed by the

Tunica mucosa. Tracheal mucosa lined by pseu-

conus elasticus and extends from the rima glot-

tidis to the trachea. C

dostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with

goblet cells. H

9 Fibroelastic membrane of larynx. Membrana

Tracheal glands. Gll. tracheales. Mixed glands

fibroelastica

laryngis

[[membrana

elastica

laryngis]]. Submucosa of laryngeal wall provided

in the submucosa. H

with abundant elastic fibers. It begins at the

BRONCHI. Branches of trachea.

quadrangular membrane and ends at the lower

Bronchial tree. Arbor bronchialis. The entire

margin of the conus elasticus. B

Quadrangular membrane. Membrana quad-

branching system of the bronchi.

MAIN BRONCHUS (RIGHT AND LEFT). Bronchus

rangularis. Membrane spread out between the

epiglottis, aryepiglottic fold and vestibular fold.

principalis (dexter et sinister). Right and left

C D

stem bronchi arising directly from the trachea. E

1611 Vestibular ligament. Lig. vestibulare. It strengthens the lower margin of the quadrangular mem-

17brane. C

	12	Conus elasticus (membrana cricovocalis).
18		Reinforced fibroelastic membrane between the
		vocal ligament and cricoid. D
	13	Vocal ligament. Lig. vocale. It lies between the
19	13	Vocal ligament. Lig. vocale. It lies between the
		vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage and the
		thyroid cartilage and forms the upper end of the
20		conus elasticus. C
	14	Tunica mucosa. Laryngeal mucous membrane
	14	Tunica mucosa. Laryngeal mucous membrane

21provided with nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium only on the upper part of the posterior surface of the epiglottis and on the

22vocal folds; the rest of the larynx is lined with pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. B

2315 Laryngeal glands. Gll. laryngeales. Mixed glands occupying the submucosa of the laryn-

24geal wall. B

16 Lymph nodes of larynx. [[Nodi lymphatici

25laryngis]]. Lymphatic nodules are abundant in the submucosa of the ventricle. B

Respiratory system 145

6		5		2
		5
		4
		4
		7
	7a				14				10
	7a				14				10
	Entrance to larynx from above			1
A	Entrance to larynx from above			1
		328.12		9

						13 11			1
				15		8
						8
10					16
					16

			B	Laryngeal ventricle			C	Sagittal section
			B	Laryngeal ventricle			C	Sagittal section

of larynx

DLarynx, posterolateral view,

left lamina of thyroid cartilage removed

20
			22	23		20
			22



						22			27



									20
							25		20
							25
					Cross section				26
				F			G	Bifurcation	26
				F			G	Bifurcation
					of trachea,			from above
			24		posterior view
			24				21
		30
		30
20° >35°
20° >35°
	Trachea and bronchi from front							Cross secton of trachea, histologic section
E	Trachea and bronchi from front						H	Cross secton of trachea, histologic section

146

Respiratory system

Lobar and segmental bronchi. Bronchi lobares

Left inferior lobar bronchus. Bronchus lobaris

et segmentales. Bronchi for the five lobes of the

superior sinister. Lobar bronchus for the left

lung and their 20 segments. A B

upper lobe. A B

Right superior lobar bronchus. Bronchus 17

Apicoposterior segmental bronchus (B I +

lobaris superior dexter. Bronchus for the super-

II). Bronchus segmentalis apicoposterior.

ior lobe of the right lung. It arises just after the

Bronchus for the left apical segment located

tracheal bifurcation. A B

posterosuperiorly. A B

Apical

segmental bronchus (B I). Bronchus

segmental

bronchus

III).

segmentalis apicalis. Bronchus for the apical

Bronchus segmentalis anterior. Bronchus for the

segment extending inferiorly as far as the 3rd rib.

anterior segment of the left upper lobe situated

A B

in front of the apical segment. A B

Posterior

segmental

bronchus

(B II).

Superior lingular bronchus (B IV). Bronchus

Bronchus segmentalis posterior. Bronchus for

lingularis superior. Bronchus for

the

second

lowest segment of the left upper lobe extending

the posterior segment extending forward about

as far as the midaxillary line. A B

posteriorly as far as the border of the lower lobe.

segmental

bronchus

(B III).

A B

Inferior lingular bronchus (B V). Bronchus

Bronchus segmentalis anterior. Bronchus for the

lingularis inferior. Bronchus for the mainly ante-

anterior segment extending backward about as

far as the midaxillary line. A B

rior lowest segment of the upper lobe. A B

21 Left inferior lobar bronchus. Bronchus lobaris

Right middle lobar bronchus. Bronchus lobaris

inferior sinister. Lobar

bronchus for

the

left

medius dexter. Lobar bronchus for the middle

lower lobe

extending

dorsally up

the

4th

lobe of the right lung. A

thoracic vertebra. A B

Lateral

segmental

bronchus

(B IV).

Superior

segmental

bronchus

VI).

Bronchus segmentalis lateralis. Bronchus for the

Bronchus segmentalis superior. Bronchus for the

lateral segment located on the dorsal surface of

the middle lobe. A B

apical segment located posterosuperiorly in the

lower lobe. B

Medial segmental bronchus (B V). Bronchus

Subapical

segmental

bronchus. [[Bronchus

segmentalis medialis. Segmental bronchus aris-

segmentalis subapicalis]]. Bronchus for an oc-

ing anteromedially from the middle lobe. A B

casionally present accessory segment.

Right

inferior

lobar

bronchus. Bronchus

Medial basal segmental

bronchus

(B VII).

lobaris inferior dexter. Lobar bronchus for the

Bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis (cardia-

right inferior lobe extending posteriorly up to

cus). Bronchus for the medial basal segment

the 4th rib. A B

which does not reach the lateral lung surface. A

Superior

segmental

bronchus

(B VI).

Anterior basal segmental bronchus (B VIII).

Bronchus segmentalis superior. Bronchus for the

Bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior. Bronchus

apical segment which borders only on the upper

for the anterior basal segment adjoining the

lobe. B

lower anterior border. A B

Subapical

segmental

bronchus. [[Bronchus

Lateral basal segmental bronchus

IX).

segmentalis subapicalis]]. Occasionally present

Bronchus

segmentalis

basalis

lateralis.

accessory bronchus.

Bronchus for the basal middle segment located

Medial

basal

segmental bronchus

(B VII).

between the anterior and posterior basal seg-

Bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis (cardia-

ments. A B

cus). Bronchus for the medial segment that does

Bronchus

segmentalis

basalis

posterior

not reach the external surface of the lower lobe.

(B X). Bronchus for the posterior basal segment

A B

of the lower lobe situated below the apical seg-

Anterior basal segmental bronchus (B VIII).

ment. A B

Bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior. Bronchus

21for the wedge-shaped anterior end of the lower lobe. A B

2214 Lateral basal segmental bronchus (B IX).

Bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis. Bronchus for the small lateral segment situated

23between the anterior and posterior segments. A B

2415 Posterior basal segment bronchus (B X).

Bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior.

25Bronchus for the segment extending posteriorly up to the vertebral column. A B

Respiratory system 147

	144.17
	3

4	2
		16	17


5	144.30
	144.30
			18

							19
							19
							20
	21
	21
8			9	24		25
8


13
13
		12			27	26

15 14

A Bronchial tree, anterior view

144.17

					3
	17 16				2	4
					2



18				144.30		5



19


				21
				21
20				9		7


25			22	10		8



26		27			12		13


							14

					15

B Bronchial tree, posterior view

148

Respiratory system

Segmental

bronchial

branches.

Rami

Root of lung. Radix [pediculus] pulmonis. It

bronchiales segmentorum. Branches of in-

consists of the main bronchus, blood vessels,

dividual segmental bronchi.

lymph vessels/nodes and autonomic plexuses. B

Tunica muscularis. Muscle layer in the wall of

Lingula of left lung. Lingula pulmonis sinistri.

the bronchus.

Portion of the upper lobe of the left lung between

Tela submucosa. Connective tissue layer

the cardiac notch and the oblique fissure. C D

beneath the bronchial mucosa.

22 a Culmen of left lung. Culmen pulmonis sinistri.

Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of the

Upper lobe without lingula.

bronchi lined by ciliated columnar epithelium.

Upper lobe. Lobus superior. Extends posteriorly

Bronchial

glands. Gll.

bronchiales.

Mixed

as far as the 4th rib. On the right side its lower

glands located below the mucosa.

border runs anteriorly somewhat along the 4th

6 LUNGS. Pulmones. They occupy the greater por-

rib. On the left side it passes as far as the car-

tilage-bone border of the 6th rib. A B C D

tion of the thoracic space. A B C D

Middle lobe. Lobus medius (pulmonis dextri).

7 RIGHT/LEFT LUNGS. Pulmo dexter/sinister. Right

Present only in the right lung, it lies in front of the

lobes are larger; left lobes smaller (10%). A B C D

Base

of lung. Basis

pulmonis

(pulmonalis).

midaxillary line between the 4th and 6th ribs. A B

Lower lobe. Lobus inferior. It extends mainly

Lower

lung

segment

bordering

on the dia-

dorsal. Its superior border courses obliquely

phragm. A B C D

posterosuperior to anteroinferior. It begins para-

Apex of lung. Apex pulmonis (pulmonalis). Api-

vertebrally at the 4th rib and ends at the intersec-

cal portion of the lung partially occupying the

tion of the midclavicular line and the 6th rib. A B C

superior thoracic aperture. A B C D

Costal surface. [[Facies costalis]]. Lung surface

Oblique fissure. Fissura obliqua. Oblique fissure

bordering the ribs. A C

between the lower and upper lobes of the left

Medial surface. [[Facies medialis]]. Medial lung

lung, between the lower and upper lobes, as well

surface facing the mediastinum. B D

as the middle lobe, of the right lung. Accordingly,

Vertebral part. Pars vertebralis. Dorsal portion

it passes paravertebrally from the 4th rib up to the

6th rib in the midclavicular line. A B C D

of medial surface of each lung adjacent to the

Horizontal fissure of right lung. Fissura hori-

vertebral column. B D

Mediastinal surface.

Facies

mediastinalis.

zontalis (pulmonis dextri). Fissure separating

the middle and upper lobes at the level of the 4th

Lung surface bordering the mediastinum and

rib. A B

lying in front of the vertebral part. B D

14 Cardiac impression of lung. Impressio cardi-

15aca. Indentation on the medial surface of both lungs produced by the heart. B D

1615 Diaphragmatic surface. Facies diaphragmatica. Concave inferior surface of the lung facing the di-

17aphragm. A B C D

16Interlobar surface. Facies interlobaris. Surface of lung tissue found in the spaces between the

18 lobes.

		17 Anterior margin. Margo anterior. Sharp ante-
	19	17 Anterior margin. Margo anterior. Sharp ante-
	19	rior border at the junction of the medial and
		costal surfaces of the lung. A B C D
		costal surfaces of the lung. A B C D
	20	18 Cardiac notch. Incisura cardiaca [pulmonis sin-
		istri]. Notch on the anterior margin of the left
		istri]. Notch on the anterior margin of the left
	21	upper lobe produced by the cardiac impression.
	21	C D
		19 Margo inferior. Inferior margin of lung. Sharp
	22	19 Margo inferior. Inferior margin of lung. Sharp
	22	border at the junction of the costal and diaphrag-
		matic surfaces. The margin is less sharp at the
		matic surfaces. The margin is less sharp at the
	23	transition of the diaphragmatic surface to the
	23	medial surface. A B C D
		medial surface. A B C D
		20 Hilum of lung. Hilum pulmonis. Site of entry of
	24	20 Hilum of lung. Hilum pulmonis. Site of entry of
	24	bronchi and vessels on the medial surface. Es-
		sentially, the bronchi lie posteriorly, the pulmo-
	25	nary artery craniad and the pulmonary veins
		caudad. B D

													Respiratory system 149
9													9
9													9							1


																				2
																				2
23													23							3
																				3
							17		17			13							144.30	4



10									21										26	5
																			26
																			20


												11

									27									190.14		6
									27	14								190.14		6
26													12

									230.2											7



24												24							152.23	8
24

25														25
														25						9
																				9

					19					19		26 15	8							10
				8																10
				8
15
19																				11
																				11
		Right lung, lateral view									Right lung, medial view
	A	Right lung, lateral view								B	Right lung, medial view									12
9												9								12
9												9								13


																				14
																				14
																	17			15
																	17

17																		190.29
17
23									26				23							16
23


								26	144.30				13					11		17
10									144.30	12			13					11		17
									20											18




									230.2				14							19
													14
																26
18									152.23									18		20


												25

			25															22
																				21



22															19					22
													8							22
													8
8												15								23
15						19														23
15						19
		Left lung, lateral view									Left lung, medial view
	C	Left lung, lateral view								D	Left lung, medial view									24
																				24
																				25

	150			Respiratory system
				BRONCHOPULMONARY	SEGMENTS. Segmenta		19	Superior lingular segment (S IV). Segmen-
1		1
				bronchopulmonalia. Lung segments supplied by				tum lingulare superius. It lies predominantly
				individual bronchi and arteries and separated by				on the inferior lingular segment. B
2				veins and connective tissue septa. A B			20	Inferior lingular segment (S V). Segmentum
			2 Upper lobe of right lung. (According to Dor-					lingulare inferius. It lies between the superior
3				land’s lobus superior pulmonis dextri). Pulmo				lingular segment and the oblique fissure. B
				dexter, lobus superior. A			21 Lower lobe of left lung. (Lobus inferior pul-

			3 Apical segment of upper lobe of right lung.
4								monis sinistri). Pulmo sinister, lobus inferior
				Segmentum apicale (S	I). It is inserted like a			B
				wedge between the anterior and posterior seg-			22	Superior segment (S VI).	Segmentum su-
5				ments. A
								perius. Apical portion of lower lobe situated
		4		Posterior segment of upper lobe of right
								posterosuperiorly near the vertebral column.
				lung. Segmentum posterius (S II). It lies be-				B
6
				tween the apical segment and the lower lobe. A			23	Subapical segment. [[Segmentum subapi-
	5			Anterior segment of upper lobe of right
								cale]]. Accessory segment occasionally pre-
7
				lung. Segmentum anterius (S III). It lies be-				sent below the superior segment of the lower
				tween the apical segment and the middle lobe. A				lobe.

8	6			Middle lobe of right lung. (Lobus medius pul-			24	Medial basal (cardiac) segment (S VII). Seg-
				monis dextri). Pulmo dexter, lobus medius. A				mentum basale mediale (cardiacum). It is

9	7			Lateral segment of middle lobe. Segmentum				often an inseparable part	of the anterior
				laterale (S IV). It occupies the dorsal portion				basal segment. B

				of the middle lobe and does not		reach the	25	Anterior basal segment (S	VIII). Segmentum
10
				hilum. A
								basale anterius. It lies between the oblique
	8			Medial segment of middle lobe. Segmentum				fissure and the lateral basal segment. B
11				mediale (S V). It forms the medial and dia-			26	Lateral basal segment (S	IX). Segmentum
				phragmatic surfaces of the middle lobe. A				basale laterale. It lies between the anterior

12	9			Lower lobe of right lung. (Lobus inferior pul-				and posterior basal segments. B
				monis dextri). Pulmo dexter, lobus inferior. A			27	Posterior basal segment (S X). Segmentum

	10			Superior segment.	Segmentum	superius
								basale posterius. It lies beside the vertebral
13
				(S VI). Posterosuperiorly situated apical por-				column below the superior segment of the
				tion of lower lobe. A				lower lobe. B

1411 Subapical segment. [[Segmentum subapicale]]. An accessory segment occasionally present below the superior segment.

1512 Medial basal (cardiac) segment (S VII). Segmentum basale mediale (cardiacum). It does

16not reach the lateral surface of the lung and is only seen from the medial and inferior sur-

17faces. A

13Anterior basal segment (S VIII). Segmentum basale anterius. It lies between the middle

18	lobe and diaphragm. A

14 Lateral basal segment (S IX). Segmentum

19basale laterale. It lies between the posterior and anterior basal segments. A

2015 Posterior basal segment (S X). Segmentum basale posterius. Located between the vertebral column and lateral basal segment. A

2116 Upper lobe of left lung. (Lobus superior pulmonis sinistri). Pulmo sinister, lobus superior.

22B

17 Apicoposterior segment (S I + II). Segmen-

23tum apicoposterius. It comprises two wedgeshaped segments (apical and posterior) which lie between the oblique fissure and the

24anterior segment of the upper lobe. B

18 Anterior segment (S III) of upper lobe. Seg-

25mentum anterius. It lies between the superior lingular and apicoposterior segments. B

Respiratory system 151

						3
148.26					II			III
148.26					II

						4
						5
									2
			VI
			VI
		10						IV
		10

9						12				148.27
9						12
						7			V
						7

			X				VII		6
									8


		15		IX		VIII
		15

				14		13
				14

											I

A	Segments								17
A	Segments
	of the right lung
	of the right lung
											II
											II
								III			17	148.26
								III	18			148.26
									18
							19
							19
								IV
												VI
						16						VI
						16
												22
												22

								V				21
							20			VII
							20

									24
										VIII	IX	X
									25		26	27
						148.22			25		26	27
						148.22

BSegments

of the left lung

152

Respiratory system

Bronchioles.

Bronchioli.

Noncartilaginous

Mediastinal part of parietal pleura (mediastinal

segments of the respiratory tree directly fol-

pleura). Pars mediastinalis. Portion of the

lowing the bronchi. They are lined initially by

parietal pleura lining the mediastinum. B C

pseudostratified,

ciliated,

columnar

Costal part of parietal pleura (costal pleura). Pars

epithelium which is subsequently replaced by

costalis. It lines the ribs. B C

simple cuboidal epithelium. A

Diaphragmatic part of parietal pleura (diaphrag-

Respiratory bronchioles. Bronchioli respira-

matic pleura). Pars diaphragmatica. It covers

torii. Last bronchiolar segment the wall of

the diaphragm. B

which already consists partially of alveoli. A

19 Pleural recesses. Recessus pleurales. Fissure-

Alveolar ducts. Ductuli alveolares. Terminal

shaped spaces formed by the parietal pleura

branches of the respiratory bronchioles the

for reception of the lungs during inspiration.

walls of which contain only alveoli. A

Costodiaphragmatic recess. Recessus cos-

Alveolar sacs. Sacculi alveolares. Blind, ex-

todiaphragmaticus. Pleural recess

between

panded ends of the alveolar ducts. A

the descending sides of the diaphragm and

5 Pulmonary alveoli. Alveoli pulmonis. Small-

the lateral wall of the thorax. B

Costomediastinal recess. Recessus costome-

est outpocketings, 0.1−0.9 mm. in diameter,

the thin walls of which permit the exchange

diastinalis. Anterior pleural space between

of gases. A

the costal and mediastinal pleura; it is more

THORACIC

CAVITY.

Cavitas

thoracis

extensive on the left than on the right. C

Phrenicomediastinal

recess.

Recessus

(thoracica). Internal thoracic space enclosed

by the ribs and limited inferiorly by the dia-

phrenicomediastinalis. Pleural recess situated

phragm. B C

dorsally between the diaphragm and the me-

diastinum.

7Pleuropulmonary regions. Regiones pleuro-

pulmonales. Regions connecting the pleura

23 Pulmonary ligament. Lig. pulmonale. Double

fold extending from the right and left sides of

and lungs.

Endothoracic

fascia.

Fascia

endothoracica.

the hilum, connecting the visceral and medi-

astinal pleura. Between both folds the lung

Displaceable layer of loose connective tissue

abuts against the mediastinal connective

between the parietal pleura and chest wall. B

tissue free of pleura. B. See also p. 149 B D

Suprapleural membrane. Membrana supra-

Mediastinum. Thoracic area between both

pleuralis [[Sibson]]. Thickened portion of the

pleural sacs. It extends from the anterior sur-

endothoracic

fascia

in the

region

the

face of the vertebral column to the posterior

pleural cupola. B

surface of the sternum and from the upper

Phrenicopleural fascia. Fascia phrenico-

thoracic aperture to the diaphragm. B

25 Superior mediastinum. Mediastinum su-

pleuralis. Portion of the endothoracic fascia

which connects the parietal pleura with the

perius. Portion of the mediastinum above the

diaphragm. B

heart. It contains the arch of the aorta to-

Pleural cavity. Cavitas pleuralis. Capillary fis-

gether with its branches, as well as the bra-

chiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, tra-

sure-like

space

between

the parietal

and

chea, esophagus, vagus nerves, thoracic duct,

visceral pleura containing a small amount of

thymus, etc. B

serous fluid. B C

Inferior mediastinum. Mediastinum inferius.

Pleura.

Serous

membrane

consisting

Collective term for the following three divi-

simple squamous epithelium and underlying

sions.

connective tissue. It comprises two portions

27 Anterior mediastinum. Mediastinum an-

(visceral and parietal pleura) which become

continuous at the hilum. The visceral (pulmo-

terius. Area between the pericardium and

nary) pleura covers the lungs whereas the

sternum. C

parietal pleura lines the chest wall, dia-

Middle mediastinum. Mediastinum medium.

phragm and mediastinum. B

Area occupied by the heart, pericardium and

Cupula (dome) of pleura. Cupula pleurae. It

phrenic nerves with their accompanying ves-

sels. C

covers the apex of the lung at the superior

Posterior mediastinum. Mediastinum post-

thoracic aperture and forms the boundary be-

tween the neck and thorax. B

erius. Area between the pericardium and the

Visceral (pulmonary) pleura. Pleura

viscer-

vertebral column. It contains the esophagus,

alis (pulmonalis). Portion

the pleura

that

vagus nerves, descending aorta, thoracic duct

and the azygos and hemiazygos veins. C

envelops the lung and passes into the inter-

lobar spaces. B C

2515 Parietal pleura. Pleura parietalis. Serous lining of the space in which the lungs lodge. B C

Respiratory system 153

				14
				14
				15					23


1		2	3	8
				8	24

			4	11
			4	11
				11						16
				5
				5
				12	10
				12
				17		18
				17


	Bronchiole and					20		Frontal section
						20

A							B
	alveolar ducts							through both lungs

				IX
	15			29



				246.21

	14		28
	14
	11
	11
	16
	16
	17			27
	17

	Horizontal section at level



C			21
C		21
	of the ninth thoracic vertebra.	21
	of the ninth thoracic vertebra.

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