7.Humanistic perspective: Human relations movement, Human resources perspective. Level 2
Humanistic perspectives emphasizes importance of understanding human behaviors: needs, attitudes and social interactions.Consist of two subfields:
Human Relations Movement
Human Resources Perspective
1)Human Relations Movement-a theory according to which productivity of workers will improve if their basic needs are satisfied.
Maslow’s hierarchy started with physiological needs and progressed to safety, belongingness, esteem and finally self-actualization.
Control comes from the individual worker rather than authoritarian control
The Hawthorne studies found increased output due to managers’ better treatment of employees
Money isn’t mattered a great deal
Productivity increased from feelings of importance
Created a focus on positive treatment of employees
2)Human Resources Perspective implies that job tasks should be designed in such a way that employees could use all their potential.
Focus on job tasks and theories of motivation
Reduce dehumanizing or demeaning work
Allow workers to use full potential
Main contributors: Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
McGregor’s Theory X/Theory Y
Theory X and Theory Y
8.E-business and e-commerce. Level 1
Today,much business takes place by digital process over a computer network rather than in physical space.
E-business can be defined as any business that takes place by digital processes over a computer network rather than in physical space. Most commonly today, it refers to electronic linkages over the Internet with customers, partners, suppliers, employees, or other key constituents.
E-commerce specifically refers to business exchanges or transactions that occur electronically.It replaces improves the exchange of money and products with the exchange of data and information from one computer to another.
There are three types of e-commerce:
Business-to-consumer(B2C)-selling products and services online
Business-to- business(B2B)-transactions between organizations
Consumer-to-consumer(C2C)-electronic markets created by Web-Based intermediares
9.General environment and its dimensions. Level 2
The general environment represents an outer layer of the environment. The dimensions of the general environment include international, technological, socio-cultural, economic and legal political.
1)International dimension includes opportunities for companies to enter and operate in international markets.
Events originating in foreign countries
Impacts all aspects of the external environment
New competitors
New customers
New suppliers
Today, all companies global
Desktop computers
Networks
Internet Access
Handheld devices
Videoconferencing
Cell phones
Laptop
WiFi
Medical advances
2)Technological dimension includes scientific and technological advancements in a specific industry as well as in society.
Scientific and technological advances
Specific industries
Society at large
Impact:
Organizations
Managers
Customers
3)Economic dimension represents general economic health of the country or region in which the organization operates.(consumer purchasing power, unemployment rate, interest rate)
In order to survive in unstable environment many companies create merges and joint ventures.
-Merger occurs when two or more organizations combine to become one(Bank TuranAlem)
-Joint venture involves a strategic alliance or a program by two or more organizations (short term or long term)This typically occurs when a project is too complex, expensive or uncertain for one firm to do alone(SonyEricsson)
4)Socio-Cultural dimension represents the demographic characteristics(population density,age and education levels)as well as the norms, customs and values of poulation.
Today’s demographics are the foundation of the future workforce
Demographic trends affect organizations globally
5)Legal-political dimension includes government regulations as well as policies designed to influence company behavior.(For ex: prohibition of the advertisement of alcoholic beverages)