115 Exoteric and esoteric what is for public consumption, and what is for private consumption; for everybody, and for the inner few.

116 fritillaries spotted butterflies.

117 the kingfisher flew the bird's name may have had overtones for Lewis, since Christ called his apostles to be fishers of men (Matthew 4:19): in the story of Parsifal the hero meets the King of the Grail in the guise of a fisherman; Fisher-King is the name used by the Christ-surrogate Ransom in That Hideous Strength.

118 Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), English philosopher who attempted to apply Darwin's theory of natural evolution to all phenomena.

119 Rudolph Steiner (1861-1925), Austrian social philosopher and founder of Anthroposophy, having first been a Theosophist; Anthroposophy differed from Theosophy in placing Man, not God, in the center of its doctrine, by which the "lower ego" receives visions of the "higher self."

120 Bernard Bosanquet (1848-1923), British Idealistic philosopher, of the school (including T.H. Green and F.H. Bradley, also the American Josiah Royce) of "Absolute Idealism" stemming from Berkeley's "to be is to be perceived"; called by Lewis the English Hegelians (see pp. 209 et seq, Surprised by Joy, Harcourt Brace, 1956).

121 "All the choir of heaven and furniture of earth -- in a word, all those bodies which compose the mighty frame of the world--have not any subsistence without a mind." Berkeley: The Principles of Human Knowledge.

122 evangelium eternum = "the everlasting gospel", by which Wisdom means pantheism.

123 Monism the doctrine that matter and mind are one and inseparable--the philosophical corollary of pantheism, which sees God and uncreated Nature as indistinguishable

124 The flesh is but a living corruption: Genesis 6:12: "And God looked upon the earth, and behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted His way upon the earth."

125 "I am the doubter and the doubt" from Emerson's peom "Brahma"; Emerson is a writer with whom Lewis has quite a bit of fun.

126 What we call our tighteousness is filthy rags: Isaiah: 64:6: "But we are all as an unclean thing, and all our tighteousnesses are as filthy rags; and we all do fade as a leaf"

127 Pheidian fancies from Pheidias (or Phidias), 5th century B.C. Greek sculptor; though he is considered to have been the greatest artist of ancient Greece, whose Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the world, no extant original can be surely ascribed to him.

128 Stoics initially, ancient Greeks and Romans such as Zeon of Citium (founder of Stoicism), Seneca, Epctetus, and Marcus Aurelius, who taught a monistic pantheism and stressed repression of passions and unjust thoughts as the way to freedom.

129 Manichees -Manichaeans, followers of Mani, 3rd century A.D. Persian prophet who spiritualized the Zoroastrian dualism between light and darkness into a warfare between good and evil, contending on equal terms; Manichaeans practised strict celibacy and austerity, being assured of instant happiness at death.

130 Spartiates -Spartans, inhabitants of the chief city of the Peloponnesan peninsula in ancient times, often at war with the Athenians; all Spartans were trained as soldiers, taught to endure great rigors and to enjoy these for thier own sake

131 a fox without a tail undoubtedly suggested by Aesop's fable, but reminiscent also of The Merry Tales of the Men of Gotham, a collection of legendary tales about the foolish people of the town of Gotham, England, supposed to have been compiled in the reign of Henry VIII by Andrew Borde

132 the Shepherd People -the Jews

133 Pagus land of the Pagans

134 if the feet have been put right....John 13:9: "Simon Peter saith unto Him, Lord, not my feet only, but also my hands and my head"

135 Nomos Gk = custom, law; in the Vulgate: the law of God

136 Ascetic one who practises strict self-denial for its own sake, or as a religious discipline

137 Rigorist one whose principles or practises are inflexible, who will not stretch a point even for a desired result

138 Classicist one who adheres to traditional standards of simplicity, restraint, proportion, order, etc.....believing that these standards are universally and eternally valid

139 Medium Aevum the Middle Ages

140 a Lady the ideal of chivalrous love, as begun by the troubadours in the south of France; see Lewis's The Allegory of Love

141 inventing a new machine every day the theme of man's assuming that everything works like the machines he himself builds is a perennial one with Lewis; he used it skillfully 22 years later in De Descriptione Temporum

142 Jean de Meung, (died ca. 1305), called Jean Clopinel or Chopinel, the author of the second part of the Roman de la Rose, and translator into French of the letters of Heloise and Abelard; he switched from the picturesque allegory of Guillaume de Lorris, who wrote the first part, to a hard-boiled style full of satires on women and their glorification by the troubadours, and a display of his own erudition

143 the perilous siege an echo from the stories of King Arthur and the Round Table: the "siege" meant the chair in which only one person could sit: he who had found the Holy Grail

144 manna kept Exodus: 16:15,20: "They said to one another, It is manna....but some of them left it until morning, and it bred worms, and stank: and Moses was wroth with them."

145 They have prophesied soft things to you: Isaiah:30:10: "Prophesy not unto us right things, speak unto us smooth things, prophesy deceits"

146 SECURUS TE PROJICE - "throw yourself down safely" or "yield yourself without fear"; this sounds like the Vulgate, Psalms or Epistles, yet a search did not prove successful; it is not from the temptation of Christ

147 Peccatum Adae -the sin of Adam

148 you must dive into this water see George Macdonald: The Golden key: "The Old man of the Earth stooped over the floor of the cave, raised a huge stone, and left it leaning. It disclosed a great hole that went plumb-down. 'That is the way,' he said. 'Put there are no stairs.' 'You must throw yourself in. There is no other way.'" (from Lewis's anthology of MacDonald: London, Geoffrey Bles, 1946; No. 279)

149 Semele a mortal girl loved by Zeus; she was persuaded by a trick of the jealous Hera to ask Zeus to come to her in all his majesty, attended by thunder and lightning; when Zeus did so Semele was burned to ashes in his arms

150 Nella sua voluntade e nostra pace = "in His will is our peace" Dante: Paradiso, 111, 85

151 Slikisteinsaga Old Norse (or a fanciful imitation of it) = "sleeksone eyes"; a sleekstone (the word is now obsolete) was a smooth stone used to rub or polish something else, to make it sleek, or slick; the following quotation from john healey's translation of the Characters of Theophrastus is suggestive: "A Sleekstone....is hee that saluteth man as farre off as his eye can carry levell."

152 Isthmus Sadisticus and Isthmus Mazochisticus can have no set meaning since they were both made up by Lewis from words coined by psychologists in our own century ("sadism" from the Marquis de Sade; "masochism" from the German novelist leopold von Sacher-Masoch); he may have meant them to suggest something like "isthmus of cruelty to others" and "isthmus of cruelty to oneself"

153 security is mortals' greatest enemy: Shakespeare; Macbeth III, v, 32

154 tenth hierarch since by tradition there are 9 choirs in the celestial hierarchy (a. seraphim, 2. cherubim, 3. thrones, 4. dominions, 5. powers, 6. virtues, 7. principalities, 8. archangels, 9. angels), the "tenth hierarch" is a Spirit but not in a heavenly choir: hence Satan

155 Wormwood; Revelation 8:10-11: "...and there fell a great star from Heaven, burning as it were a lamp, and it fell upon the third part of the rivers, and upon the fountains of waters; and the name of the star is called Wormwood: and the third part of the waters becamewormwood, and many men died fo the waters, because they were made better"; St. Paul called Wormwood "the prince of the power of the air" and thought him the equivalent of Satan; (it is worth remembering that The Pilgrim's Regress was written eight years before Lewis even got the idea for The Screwtape letters.)

156 Ahriman the Persian prince of evil, who tempted but was defeated by Zoroaster; Ahriman brought death to the world by slaying the prototypes of man and the animals

157 habe caritatem et fac quod vis There is a problem connected with this quotation; there is much to suggest that the "great Steward" referred to was St. Augustine, who wrote in Tractatus x in ep. Joannis; vii 8: "dilige, et quod vis fac" ("Cherish" or "Show high esteem", "and do what you will"); a popular misquotation of this has become: "Ama et fac quod vis" ("Love and do what you will"); the problem is that Lewis uses neither the presumed authentic version (which is how it stands in Migne's authoritative Patrologia latina) nor the popular misquotation; it seems highly unlikely that Lewis would deliberately change a Latin quotation, so the question remains: what was his source for the form beginning; "habe caritatem...."?

158 On these two commandments...: Matthew 22:40