Repetition (all cases).

Repetition aims at logical emphasis in order to fix the reader’s attention on the key-words of the utterance. There are: 1) Anaphora – when the repeated unit comes at the beginning. ▲ Your cheek, your gluttony, your obstinacy impose respect on me. 2) Epiphora – the repeated units is at the end of a sentence. ▲ To get into the best society one has either to feed people, amuse people. 3) Framing repetition – the initial word is repeated at the end of the unit. ▲ Please don’t tie me down, please. 4) Linking repetition – the last word of one part is repeated at the beginning of the following one. ▲ If you have nothing to say, say it. 5) Chain repetition – a group of linking repetition used in the same utterance. ▲ Now he understood. He understood many things. 6) Synonymic repetition – repetition of the same idea with the help of synonyms. 7) Pleonasm – the use of more words than are necessary. Usually the fault of style. 8) Tautology – repetition of the same statement. Usually in other words the fault of style.

Climax (gradation) is a stylistic device representing a gradual increase in significance, importance or emotional tension in the utterance. Logical climax – is based on the relative importance of the component parts looked at from the point of view of the concepts embodied in them. ▲ You’re a pig and a beast and a Bolshevik. Logical climax here implies political view of the character. Emotional climax is based on the relative emotional tension produced by words with emotive meaning. Quantitative climax is an evident increase in the volume of the corresponding concepts or simple numerical increase.

16. Asyndeton ,Polysyndeton

Asyndetоn, that is, connection between parts of a sentence of between sentences without any formal sign, becomes a stylistic device if there is a deliberate omission of the connective where it is generally expected to be according to the norms of the literary language. Here is an example:

“Soames turned away; he had an utter disinclination for talk, like one standing before an open grave, watching a coffin slowly lowered." (Galsworthy)

Polysyndeton is the stylistic device of connecting sentences or phrases, or words by using connectives (mostly conjunctions and prepositions) before each component part, as in:

“The heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and sleet, could boast of the advantage over him in only one respect.” (Dickens)

17.Represented Speech

There are three ways of reproducing actual speech: a) repetition of the exact utterance as it was spoken (direct speech), b) conversion of the exact utterance into the relater`s mode of expression (in direct speech), and c) representation of the actual utterance by a second person, usually the author, as if had been spoken, whereas it has not really been spoken but is only represented in the author`s words (represented speech).

It is probably due to this fact that in order to convey more adequately the actual utterances of characters in emotive prose, a new way to represent direct speech came into being-represented speech.

18.The Belles- Letters Style

We have already pointed out that the belles- letters style is a generic term for three substyles in which the main principles and the most general properties of the style are materialized. These three substyles:

• The language of poetry, or simply verse.

• Emotive prose, or the language of fiction.

• The language of the drama

Language of poetry

The first Substyle we shall consider is verse. Its differentiating property is its orderly form, which is based mainly on the rhythmic and phonetic arrangement of the utterances. The rhythmic aspect calls forth syntactical and semantic peculiarities which also fall into a more or less strict orderly arrangement. Both the syntactical and semantic aspects check by rhythmic patterns.

Emotive prose

Emotive prose as a separate form of imaginative literature, that is fiction, came into being rather late in the history of the English literary language. It is well known that in early Anglo- Saxon literature there was mainly poetry, songs of a religious, military and festive character. The first emotite prose which appeared was translations from Latin of stories from the Bible and the Lives of the Saints.

Language of the drama

The third subdivision of the belles- letter style is the language of plays. The first thing to be said about the parameters of this variety of belles- letters is that , unlike poetry, which expect for ballads, in essence excludes direct speech and therefore dialogue, and unlike emotive prose, which is a combination of monologue and dialogue. The author`s speech is almost entirely excluded expect for the playwright`s remarks and stage directions, significant though the may be.