1.General notes on style and stylistics.

The subject of stylistics has so far not been definitely outlined. It will not be an exaggeration to say among the various branches of General Linguistics the most obscure in content is undoubtedly stylistics. There is confusion between the terms style and stylistics. The first concept is so broad that it is hardly possible to regard it as a term. We speak of style in architecture, literature, behaviour, linguistics and in other fields of human activity. The term style is also applied to the teaching of how to write clearly, simply and emphatically.

2.Expressive means and stylistic devices.

All stylistic means of a language can be divided into expressive means which are used in some specific way and special devices called stylistic devices. The expressive means of a language are those phonetic means, morphological forms, means of word-building, and lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms all of which function in the language for emotional or logical intensification of the utterance. Stylistic devices it is a conscious and intentional literary use of some of the facts of the language in which the most essential features of the language forms are raised to a generalized level and thereby present a generative mobel.

3.The problem of the English literary language.

The literary is that variety of the national language which imposes definite morphological, phonetic, syntactical, lexical, phraseological and stylistic norms. The English literary language was particularly regulated and formalized during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Literary English is almost synonymous with the term standard English. Standard English is an abstraction, an ideal.

4.A brief outline of the development of the English literary language.

English literary language has had a long and peculiar history. English language, as is known, is the result of the integration of the tribal dialects of the Angles. Saxons and Jutes who occupied the British Isles in the 3^rd-5^th centuries. New English period as it is called is usually considered to date from the 15 centery.In the 16 centery literary English began markedly to flourish.English language owes such words as absurdity, acceptance, anticipate, compatible, comprehensive, congratulate, explain.

5.Varieties of language.

2 varieties of language diachronically the spoken is primary and the written is secondary. Spoken variety of language is used and in which it develops, can be described concisely as the presence of an interlocutor. The written variety, on the contrary, maintained in the form of a dialogue-the written in the form of a monologue.

6. Types of lexical meaning: dictionary and contextual

7. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary: general considerations, neutral common literary and common vocabulary, special literary vocabulary, terms, poetic and highly literary words, archaic words, barbarisms and foreign words, literary coinages, special colloquial vocabulary, slang, jargonisms, professionalisms, dialectal words, vulgar words, colloquial coinages.

8. Special literary vocabulary: terms, poetic and highly literary words, archaic words, barbarisms and foreign words, literary coinages

9. Special colloquial vocabulary: slang, jargonisms, professionalisms, dialectical words, vulgar words, colloquial coinages.

10.Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices: metaphor, metonomy, irony, polisemy, zeugma and pun, interjections and exclamatory words, the epithet, oxymoron, simile, periphrasis, euphemism, hyperbole, clichés, proverbs and sayings, epigrams, quotations, allusions, decomposition of set phrases

11. Metaphor, metonymy,Irony

Metonymy (trite, genuine), irony.

Metonymy is based on some kind of association connecting the two concept which the dictionary and contextual meaning represent. Trite (fixed) metonymy represents derivative logical meaning of a word and is fixed in dictionaries. ▲ Nothing comes between me and my Calvins (Calvin Klein Jeans). Contextual m. – unexpected substitution of one word to another. ▲ She married into conversation > very talkative man. Synecdoche – m. based on the relation between the part and the whole. ▲ He had five months to feed. Irony: based on simultaneous relation of primary dictionary and contextual logical meanings of a words which stay in opposition to each other. ▲ It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one’s pocket. It isn’t logical but evaluative meaning is foreground. It isn’t humor – not always make humorous effect but negative.

Metonymy is based on a different type of relation between the dictionary and contextual meaning, a relation based not on affinity , but on some kind of association connecting the two concepts which these meaning represent. Metonymy used in language in action or speech i.e. contextual metonymy is genuine metonymy and reveals a quite unexpected substitution of the word for another or even of one concept for another on the ground of some strong impression produced by a chance feature of the thing F.Ex.Miss Tox`s hand trembled as she slipped it through Mr.Dombey`s arm, and felt herself escorted up the steps, preceded by a cocked hat and a Babylonion collar.

Metaphor is a relation between the dictionary and contextual logical meanings based on the affinity or similarity of certain properties or features of the two corresponding concepts. EX.he indicators become enemies if they lagged behind his wish: dear and reliable friends when they showed what he wanted. Words IF THEY and WHEN THEY help to decipher the true meaning of the metaphor

Irony is a stylistic device also based on the simultaneous realization of two logical meaning-dictionary and contextual but the two meaning stand opposition to each other.The word containing the irony is strongly marked by the intonations.

12. Effect, Zeugma and Pun

Interaction of primary and derivative logical meanings. Stylistic Devices Based on Polysemantic Effect, Zeugma and Pun The word is the most changeable of all language units. In the result of the gradual development of the meaning of the word new meanings appear alongside the primary one – derivative meanings. All of them are interconnected with the primary one and create a network – polysemantic effect. Zeugma is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations to two adjacent words in the context, the semantic relations being literal and transferred. Zeugma always creates a humorous effect. Pun – it has a humorous effect which may be based on misinterpretation of the speaker’s utterance by the other or by the result of the speaker’s intended violation of the listener’s expectation. When are true words – sweet words? When they are candid. Pun is also a play on words of the same sound, it may be based on homonymy, polysemy.

13. Interaction of logical and emotive meanings (interjections and exclamatory words) There are words with the function of arousing emotions in the reader. In such words emotiveness prevails over intellectuality. There are also words in which logical meaning is almost entirely lost. These words express feelings which have passed trough out mind. Emotiveness is a category of our minds, feelings are expressed indirectly. That’s why it is natural that some emotive words have become symbols of emotions. Interjections are words which we use to express our feelings strongly and which exist in language in the form of conventional symbols of human emotions. Epithet is a stylistic device based on the interplay of emotive and logical meanings in an attributive word, emotionally colored attitude of the speaker to the object he describes.  An oxymoron (plural oxymora oroxymorons) is a figure of speech that juxtaposes elements that appear to be contradictory. Oxymora appear in a variety of contexts, including inadvertent errors (such as "ground pilot") and literary oxymorons crafted to reveal a paradox.

14. The feature of the object which is picked out seems unimportant and frequently transitory. But for a special reason it’s elevated to the greatest importance and made into a telling feature. Simile: imaginative comparison of two unlike objects which belong to different classes. It excludes all the properties of the compared objects except one which is made common to them. ▲ The girl is like a bird. Trite simile points out the analogy between the human being and the animals which have stereotyped traits of character, states. ▲ As wet as a fish. Hyperbole: is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration of a feature of a thing or phenomenon. If it is used frequently it may become trite hyperbole. ▲ I’ve told you thousand times! Understatement: when the quality or quantity is underrated. It is deliberate underrating of a feature or property of an object. ▲ Мальчик-с-пальчик. It’s used in Britain in every-day speech as it symbolizes politeness.

15. Chiasmus (reversed parallel construction) is a stylistic device based on the repetition of a syntactical pattern but with a cross order of word or phrases. ▲ Better a witty fool than I foolish wit. In this saying chiasmus is realized through different parts of speech with the same roots. It’s a syntactical not lexical stylistic device as…