Hospitals

10. The most family health care institution is the hospitals. Other institutions provide health care in addition to hospital. Nursing (or convalescent) homes. There are also prenatal clinics for pregnant woman, well-baby clinics for new mothers and their babies, and mental health clines for those who need periodic psychiatric attention, among others.

11. The general hospital patients of all ages with all kinds of illness, patients with acute problems stay there only a short term, 7 days. These hospitals provide a variety of services, including therapy, cardiology, gastroenterology, urology, neurology…

In specialty hospitals treat patients with chronic illness, such as tuberculosis, oncology, surgery, cardio-vascular problems, requiring long-term care, or patients of one age group. Specialty hospitals include Rehabilitation, Children’s and Psychiatric hospitals.

12. Hospitals can also be categorized by their means of financial support. Most hospitals financed by the government of their country – this is government hospitals, other hospitals are private – invested-owned, and non-profit institution, know as voluntary hospitals.

13.

• Dieticians – they evaluate diets, assess nutritional status and plan diets for people with specific conditions.

• Speech therapists – they help people with speech problems to speak more clearly.

• Physiotherapists – they help people disabled by an illness or injury to learn skills, and, when possible, to resume work.

• Hospitals porters – they more equipment or patients on trolleys and in wheelchairs.

• Pharmacists – they prepare and dispense medicines.

• Social workers – they help the patients with problems of everyday life at home.

• Radiographers – they work in the X-ray department.

• Medical laboratory scientists– they carry out tests for illnesses, like blood tests.

• Midwives – they are trained to assist women in childbirth.

• Nurses – they care for patients, especially in a hospitals.

14. There are some many medical specialties.

• Cardiologists – treats heart diseases.

• Dermatologists – treats infections, growths, and injuries related to the skin.

• Emergency Medicine – work specifically in emergency departments where they treats acute illnesses and emergency situations, e.g. trauma.

• Gynecologists – involved in the health care and maintenance of the reproductive system of women.

• Ophthalmologists – treats diseases and injuries of the eye.

• Surgeons – perform many different types of surgery, usually of relatively low degree of difficulty.

• Radiologists – perform diagnosis and treatment by the use of X-rays and radioactive materials.

Taking a history

15. The history – taking process is a well-established and commonly used sequence:

1. History of presenting complaint. The main symptoms should be clearly defined as soon as possible, to find out the cause of admission or seeking medical advice. The onset, severity, progression, associated features or symptoms are all important.

2. History of present illness. The patient is requested to give an account of recent events in their own words.

3. Systemic enquiry. The history is taken of the main symptoms of the major bodily systems.

4. Past medical history. Patients are asked about their previous medical/surgical diseases.

5. Drug history and allergies. Information is obtained on any medication prescribed self-administered drugs.

6. Family history provides information about any predisposition to disease, and relevant information on relatives.

7. Social history. Information is collected about the patients occupational, social, personal factors, such as habits, employment, housing, interests, sports…

16. There are such systems in over body.

GVS: chest pain, palpitations: ischemia, myocardial infarction, gupotention.

RS: shortness of breath, cough, sputum, wheeze, hemoptysis: tuberculosis, asthma, pneumonia.

GS: nausea, vomiting, indigestion, abdominal pain, heartburn, change in bowel habit: gastritis, pancreatites, ulser.

GUS: nocturia, frequency, incontinence, change in color/smell of urine: cicitis, calcure, kidnes faigure.

CNS: headaches, weakness, dizziness, fits, faints, vertigo: apelepsia, sclerosis, alsgeemeria deseases.

17. To accomplish the purpose a set of the following practical tips has been developed:

• Show the patient your attention

• Start by eliciting the presenting complaint

• Let the patient tell story in their own words

• Try not to interrupt

• Use the language which the patients understands

• Summarize the story for the patient to check, correct and add more relevant details

• Obtain the patients history also from other sources of information.