Примеры употребления других модальных глаголов:

He is able to find any street in London. – Он способен найти любую улицу в Лондоне. – способность.

You have to meet the boss. – Тебе придётся встретиться с боссом. – вынужденная необходимость.

You need to study a lot. – Тебе необходимо много учиться. – необходимость, обязанность

You don’t have to call a taxi. – Тебе нет необходимости вызывать такси. – отсутствие необходимости.

You should drive more carefully. – Тебе следует вести машину более осторожно. – мнение, совет.

You ought to drive more carefully. - Тебе следует вести машину более осторожно. – мнение, настоятельный совет.

Task 5. Study the information about the prepositions of place and direction.

Предлоги места и направления в английском языке

Предлог – это служебная часть речи, отражающая пространственные, временные, причинные или другие виды отношений между двумя значимыми словами.

В русском языке подобные отношения часто выражаются при помощи падежей, в английском же для построения предложений чаще всего используются именно предлоги и порядок слов. Предлоги в английском языке являются служебной частью речи и как следствие не могут употребляться самостоятельно и изменяться. Предлоги не считаются членами предложения.

Task 6. Choose the correct preposition.

1. Never run over/across the road. Always walk. 2. Be careful! Don’t fall out of/down the steps. 3. There is a nice park under/behind the theatre. 4. Cars go under the river past/through the tunnel. 5. Go straight under/over the arch and you’ll see the square. 6. Keep walking into/toward me. 7. Go over/into the bridge. 8. She always drives through/along Green Street. 9. My house is opposite/up the department store. 10. Go past/out of the market on your left.

Task 7. Вставьте предлоги on, in или into.

1. There are many people … the park today. 2. There is a girl standing … the bridge. 3. There is no tea … my cup. 4. Pour some tea … my cup. 5. I saw my friend … the platform waiting for the train. 6. We went … the garden. 7. The teacher hung a picture … the blackboard. 8. He put his hand … his pocket and took out the letter. 9. Where is the tea? – It is … the cup.

Task 8. Study the information about Past Simple Tense.

Past Simple Tense

1. факты, отдельные действия, имеющие указание на время их совершения в прошлом, такие как:

yesterday 2 days ago an hour ago 3 weeks ago 5 years ago

вчера два дня назад час назад 3 недели назад 5 лет назад

last Thursday last weekend in 1990 in March on Sunday

в прошлый четверг в прошлые выходные в 1990 в марте в воскресенье

He graduated from the University in 2009. – Он закончил университет в 1990.

He left for Kazan two days ago. – Он уехал в Казань два дня назад.

2. обычные и регулярно повторяющиеся действия в прошлом:

I attended these lectures twice a week last term. – Я посещал эти лекции два раза в неделю в прошлом семестре.

He went to college yesterday. He didn’t go to the cinema yesterday. Did he go to college last Sunday?

Для выражения часто повторяющегося действия в прошлом часто употребляются сочетания used to или would do, которые переводятся раньше, имел обыкновение, обычно, бывало.

I used to go to work on foot, but now I don’t.

– Я раньше ходил на работу пешком, а теперь нет.

3. Последовательность событий в прошлом:

He entered the room, took off his coat and set to work.

– Он вошёл в комнату, снял пальто и принялся за работу.

4. действия, охватывающие период времени в прошлом с такими словами как:

from…till (с…до), all day long (целый день), the whole week (всю неделю), когда интересует факт совершения действия, а не его длительность.

Yesterday she worked on the farm from morning till late in the evening. – Вчера она работала на ферме с утра до позднего вечера.

He learned these instructions the whole day. – Он учил эти инструкции весь день.

Прим.: такие же действия могут выражаться формой Past Continuous.

Task 9. Перепишите текст в Past Simple:

On Tuesday I get up at half past six. I go to the bathroom and wash my hands and face and clean my teeth. Then I dress, go to the kitchen and cook breakfast for my family. At half past seven my son gets up and has breakfast. I have breakfast with my son. My son eats a sandwich and drinks a cup of tea. I don't drink tea. I drink coffee. After Breakfast my son leaves home for school.

ПЗ 17.a) Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present или Past Simple.

1. My friend (to know) Spanish very well. 2. Who (to ring) you up an hour ago? 3. He (to live) on the third floor. 4. It (to take) you long to find his house yesterday? 5. When your lessons (to be) over on Monday? 6. I (to have) dinner with my family yesterday. 7. Her friends (to be) ready at five o'clock. 8. One of her brothers (to make) a tour of Europe last summer. 9. Queen Elizabeth II (to be) born in 1926. She (to become) Queen of England in 1952. 10. You always (to get) up at seven o'clock? — No, sometimes I (to get) up at half past seven.

b) Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present, Past или Future Simple.

1.I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock every day. 2. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock yesterday. 3. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock tomorrow. 4. I (not to go) to the cinema every day. 5. I (not to go) to the cinema yesterday. 6. I (not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. 7. You (to watch) TV every day? 8. You (to watch) TV yesterday? 9. You (to watch) TV tomorrow? 10. When you (to leave) home for school every day? 11. When you (to leave) home for school yesterday? 12. When you (to leave) home for school tomorrow? 13. My brother (to go) to work every day. Yesterday he (not to go) to work. 14. What you (to buy) at the shop yesterday? -I (to buy) a book. 15. Yesterday my father (not to read) newspapers because he (to be) very busy. He (to read) newspapers tomorrow.

Passive Voice

Task 4. Study the information about the Passive Voice (Пассивный залог).

Если подлежащее в предложении само совершает действие (я иду, он рисует, мы купили, они будут лететь), то используется активный залог. Если же над подлежащим совершают что-то, его подвергают воздействию (деревья сажают, воду налили, меня пригласили, нас поведут), используется пассивная (страдательная) конструкция. Пассивный залог употребляется, когда исполнитель действия очевиден или несуществен, или когда действие или его результат более интересны, чем исполнитель.

Passive Voice образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и третьей формы смыслового глагола:

В страдательном залоге используются предлоги by, with, первый из которых показывает, что действие совершает одушевленное подлежащее, а второй — неодушевленное.

Eg.: The nuts were loosened by Tom with a spanner. – Гайки были откручены (кем?) Томом (чем?) гаечным ключом.

	Simple	Continuous	Perfect
Present	space is explored	space is being explored	space has been explored
Past	space was explored	space was being explored	space had been explored
Future	space will be explored	---	space will have been explored

Task 5. Fill in the gaps using prepositions by or with.

1. The hall was decorated … pink balloons. 2. The roof of the church will be repaired … local people. 3. This material has been already published … Cambridge University Press. 4. The house was built … money that he had borrowed from the bank. 5. When the accident happened, the car was brought … police.

Task 6. Use the verbs in Present, Past или Future Simple Passive.

1. Bread (to eat) every day. 2. The letter (to receive) yesterday. 3. Nick (to send) to Moscow next week. 4. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 5.I (to give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday. 6. Many houses (to build) in our town every year. 7. This work (to do) tomorrow. 8. This text (to translate) at the last lesson. 9. These trees (to plant) last autumn. 10. Hockey (to play) in winter. 12. Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London in 1666.

ПЗ. Task 7. Change these sentences into Passive Voice.

1. I bought potatoes yesterday. 2. We shall bring the books tomorrow. 3. They are repairing the clock now. 4. They sell milk in this shop. 5. I have translated the whole text. 6. They broke the window last week. 7. When I came home, they had eaten the sweets. 8. We shall do the work in the evening. 9. He wrote this book in the 19th century. 10. By six o'clock they had finished the work. 11. They will show this film on TV. 12. They have made a number of important experiments in this laboratory.

ПЗ Task 10. Change these sentences into passive.

1. Nobody has used this room for ages. 2. We will give you the keys tomorrow. 3. Someone is interviewing Dr Johnson at the moment. 4. By the time I arrived, someone had already opened all your letters. 5. We usually talk briefly about the problems of the family at dinner time. 6. Alexander Graham Bell patented his invention of the telephone in 1876. 7. German engineer Karl Benz produced the first petrol driven car in 1885. 8. Charles Babbage designed a form of computer in the mid-1830s.

Speaking practice