- •2. The connection of lexicology with phonetics, grammar and stylistics.
- •2 The original stock of English words
- •3. The distinction of the terms "source of borrowing", "origin of borrowing", "translation loans", "semantic loans".
- •4. Assimilation of borrowings.
- •1. A word as a fundamental unit of a language.
- •2. Classification of morphemes.
- •4. Structural types of words.
- •1. Productive ways of word-building
- •1.1. Affixation
- •1.3. Substantivation
- •1.4. Compounding (Composition)
- •1.5. Shortening
- •1(Thought or
- •3,The classification of meanings of words
- •1. Classification of synonyms
- •3. Antonyms. Types of antonyms.
- •1. Different types of non-semantic grouping
- •1.1 Morphological grouping of words
- •1.2 Lexico-Grammatical groups.
- •1.3. Thematic groups
- •4. Vocabulary in the process of time
- •Phraseology
- •Criteria to distinguish free word-groups and phraseological units:
- •Structural criterion: restriction in substitution
- •Semantic classification of V.V. Vinogradov
- •Structural classification of phraseological units by a.I. Smirnitsky
- •A.V. Koonin’s classification of phraseological units
- •Classification of phraseological units according to their origin
- •Proverbs, familiar quotations, sayings
- •Stylistic layers of english vocabulary
- •Functional styles
- •Stylistic aspects of formal English
- •Colloquialisms as a characteristic feature of informal vocabulary
- •Dialectal and territorial vocabulary variations
- •Different varients of English
- •Lexicography
- •Historical development of lexicography
- •The main types of modern dictionaries
- •According to the relationships existing between the words. They are synonymic dictionaties, dialect dictionaties, dictionaties of Americanisms, etc.
1.3. Thematic groups
Thematic classification is based on the co-occurrence of words in certain repeatedly used contexts on the level of the sentence. Words are joined together by common contextual associations within the framework of the sentence reflect the link of things and events. Words making up a thematic group belong to different parts of speech. The exemple of well-known thematic subgroups are terms of kinship, names for the parts of the human body, colour term, military terms, names of animals, birds, plants, heavenly bodies, and so on.
2. Semantic classification of words ,
By the term "semantic field" (conceptual field) we understand-sectors of vocabulary which comprise words characterized by a common concept as the common denominator of their meaning. For example, the words ertj°^men s' happiness. Joy, belong to the semantic field of emotions; blue, yellow, green, red ~ to the semantic field of со\°т5' members of the semantic field are not synonyms. But all of them are joined together by some common seman 1C component which is common to all members of the field and described as common denominator of me^1111^ m'.;nbers of the semantic field are semantically independent because each member helps to delimit the mean'11*' ° l s neighbours and semantically determined by them.
Small lexical groups consisting of words of the same part of speech are usually defined as lexico'seman IC groups. The reason for joining words together into semantic field and lexico-semantic groups is the identity of Oiie ° e components of their meaning found in all lexical units forming these lexical groups. For instance, the word sale^"wornan may be included into different lexico-semantic groups such as profession, female, human. Different rae^111"^ ° polysemantic words make it possible to refer the same word to different lexico-semantic groups.
З. Hyponymic relations.
Another approach to classification of the vocabulary is the study of hyponymic relations. By hyponymy a semantic relationship of inclusion. For example, vehicle may include car, bus, taxy, etc. The hyponymic relations may be studied as hierarchical relationship between the meaning of the general and the individual terms.
4. Vocabulary in the process of time
language never remains stable. In the process of time new words appear and the others drop out of e Therefore the number of words in a language is not constant. According to this aspect we distinguish obsolet^ '
hisurisms archaisms and neologisms.
Obsolete words are that drop out of the language altogether. The disappearance of words may be c^u ^ linguistic factors, when a new name is introduced for the notion that continues to exist, e.g. ere — before, =namely, eve=evenins. .Historisms are numerous names for social relations, institutions and objects of material of the past, e.g. battering ram 'an ancient machine for breaking walls ', blazon 'coat of arms '.Archaisms - a word "** no longer in general use but not absolutely obsolete, e.g. bekike=probably, ofttimes-often, ogam=ancient ire alphabet-ogham. Neologism is any word or set expression, formed according to the productive structural pa"^ borrowed from another language and felt by the speakers as something new.