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The Power of Music

Nowadays it is almost impossible to escape from music, even if we want to. It thunders out of every shop, hisses horribly through other people's stereos on public transport, lulls you in restaurants, and blasts out of car windows.

But although we all can have music wherever we go, very few of us have any real idea of the effect music has on the human system. For many years it has been thought that musical tastes are subjective — that one person will like jazz while another prefers classical music.

But recent research in America and Australia has shown that appreciation of music is not a matter of individual taste. Certain types of music have a particular effect on us, regardless of whether we like them or not. For instance, some music will help us feel relaxed and peaceful, whereas other types may be stimulating to the brain, encouraging creativity and curiosity. Some music promotes loving feelings while other sounds call for violence.

As a result music is being used in hospitals and doctors have found that 20 minutes of soothing music is often far more effective than tranquilizers or sleeping pills.

Psychologists believe that all music can be divided into three types, and each of them has different effect on the body and mind. The first is low-energy music, the sort that makes you feel bad. Most rock music falls into this category. In fact it has been discovered that rock music makes people feel hate instead of love. The work of some classical composers, such as Debussy, has also been found to have a negative effect.

The next category is high-energy music. This makes you feel better and it can help to normalize the heart rate. J.S.Bach's music has exceptionally high energy.

The third category is prayerful music. This is the most healing of all. Much of the classical music written before 1600 falls into this category.

It seems that most jazz, country and western music is simply neutral, having neither healing nor harmful effect.

Scientific work on the healing power of music started with plant research in 1970s. Many types of classical music speeded plant growth, whereas heavy metal caused plants to draw away from the speakers and die.

Music can also help us in our daily life. For example, you can prepare yourself for important occasions such as an exam or a job interview by humming an appropriate tune. It can also act as a pain reliever when you go to the dentist, or it can simply give expression to your mood. Listening to music gives your brain a break and helps you get through the day.

ACTIVITY. Read the statements given before the text again and decide whether your opinion has changed.

Task 7.2. Read the text and answer the questions given below.

Music Heals

An elderly woman in a nursing home, who has not spoken a word in months, sits motionless in her wheelchair. Her eyes are closed. On a nearby piano, somebody begins to play. The woman stirs in her chair and begins humming along. Her eyes open. Minutes later, she is conversing lucidly with astonished relatives.

A severely disturbed young man, confined to a mental hospital for committing a series of serious crimes he was later judged incapable of understanding, learns to play the guitar. Within months he is leading a band and writing his own music. Increasingly socialized, he soon may be discharged to a halfway house1.

A dental patient, unable to take standard painkillers like Novocain, wears stereo headphones and listens, rapt, to his favourite Broadway show tunes, barely aware that his dentist is drilling and scraping away, fitting the man with a complicated porcelain crown.

The anecdotal evidence, reported in professional journals as well as the popular press, is compelling: Music Heals. And the field known as music therapy – basically, the systematic and prescribed use of music to heal – is making progress in learning how and why.

Barely a half-century old, music therapy is increasingly being used to enhance the quality of life, and in some cases actually help cure, people with a range of psychological and physical afflictions, from brain trauma to Alzheimer’s disease, from substance abuse problems to chronic pain, from the isolation of retardation to the stress and discomfort of childbirth.

The efficacy of music is becoming ever more obvious, even if the exact mechanism of its magic is still not very well understood. “I have never met anybody who doesn’t respond to music of some kind,” says Julie Andring Morgan, a music therapist. “Many of the people I work with have profound disabilities, and some of them are not able to communicate their thoughts or feelings in a conventional way. Music can be the only way they have.”

Plato and Aristotle suggested a close relationship between the study and practice of music and a healthy personality. But as a modern discipline, music therapy is a recent phenomenon, with its roots in the mid-20th century. In the aftermath of World War I and especially World War II, many musicians visited veterans’ hospitals in an effort to bring some comfort to the wounded.

1 halfway house = a place where prisoners, mental patients, etc. can stay for a short time after leaving a prison or hospital, before they start to live on their own again.

G ENERAL COMPREHENSION

Q. 1 What kind of document is it?

an ad. a newspaper article. a passage taken from a novel.

Q . 2 In your own words, explain what the article deals with and find the paragraph that best defines the topic of the document.

D ETAILED COMPREHENSION

Q. 1 VOCABULARY.

Paragraph 1

Find an ADJECTIVE meaning ‘immobile’. This adjective is ______________________.

Find a VERB meaning ‘move’. This verb is ______________________.

Find a VERB meaning ‘to sing a tune with your lips closed’. This verb is _____________.

Find an ADJECTIVE meaning ‘very surprised’. This adjective is ___________________.

Paragraph 2

Find an ADVERB meaning ‘more and more’. This adverb is ______________________.

Find a VERB meaning ‘to give sb official permission to leave a place’.

T his verb is ______________________.

Paragraph 3

Find an ADJECTIVE meaning ‘ordinary / normal’. This adjective is _________________.

Find an ADJECTIVE meaning ‘so interested in one particular thing that you are not aware of anything else’. This adjective is _________________.

Paragraph 4

Find an ADJECTIVE meaning ‘incontestable / undeniable’.

T his adjective is _____________________.

Find a VERB meaning ‘to make a person healthy again after an illness’.

This verb is _________________.

Paragraph 5

Find a VERB meaning ‘to improve’. This verb is _________________.

F ind a VERB meaning ‘to make a person or an animal healthy again after an illness’.

This verb is _________________.

Find a NOUN meaning ‘variety’. This noun is _________________.

Paragraph 6

Find an ADJECTIVE meaning ‘clear / evident’. This adjective is _________________.

F ind a NOUN meaning ‘handicap’. This noun is _________________.

Paragraph 7

Find a NOUN meaning ‘origin’. This noun is _________________.

Q. 2 True or False? Justify by quoting the text.

  1. Research is progressing very fast in the field of music therapy.

True. False.

  1. Music therapy can only work on mental afflictions.

True. False.

  1. M usic therapists do not know exactly how their discipline works.

True. False.

Task 7.3. Read the article on how music affects youngsters. Get ready to dispute the issue: " Side effects of being constantly tuned in?"

Under the Influence of…Music?

Teenagers listen to an average of nearly 2.5 hours of music per day. Guess what they’re hearing about?

One in three popular songs contains explicit references to drug or alcohol use, according to a new report in The Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. That means kids are receiving about 35 references to substance abuse for every hour of music they listen to, the authors determined.

While songs about drugs and excess are nothing new, the issue is getting more attention because so many children now have regular access to music out of the earshot of parents. Nearly 9 out of 10 adolescents and teens have an MP3 player or a compact disc player in their bedrooms.

Studies have long shown that media messages have a pronounced impact on childhood risk behaviors. Exposure to images of smoking in movies influences a child’s risk for picking up the habit. Alcohol use in movies and promotions is also linked to actual alcohol use.

Researchers from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine studied the 279 most popular songs from 2005, based on reports from Billboard magazine, which tracks popular music. Whether a song contained a reference to drugs or alcohol varied by genre. Only 9 percent of pop songs had lyrics relating to drugs or alcohol. The number jumped to 14 percent for rock songs, 20 percent for R&B and hip-hop songs, 36 percent for country songs and 77 percent for rap songs.

Notably, smoking references aren’t that common in music today, with only 3 percent of the songs portraying tobacco use. About 14 percent of songs spoke of marijuana use, 24 percent depicted alcohol use, and another 12 percent included reference to other substances. About 4 percent of the songs contained “anti” drug and alcohol messages.

The study authors noted that music represents a pervasive source of exposure to positive images of substance use. The average adolescent is exposed to approximately 84 references to explicit substance use per day and 591 references per week, or 30,732 references per year. The average adolescent listening only to pop would be exposed to 5 references per day, whereas the average adolescent who listens just to rap would be exposed to 251 references per day.

Whether any of this matters remains an open question. While the impact of exposure to images of smoking and alcohol in film has been well documented, less is known about the effect of music on childhood risk behaviors.

Although music lacks the visual element of film, adolescent exposure to music is much more frequent, accounting for an average of 16 hours each week for music compared with about 6 hours each week for movie images, according to the study authors. But frequency of exposure is not the only factor. Unlike visual media, music is a powerful social force that also taps into an individual’s personal identity, memories and mood.

“Music is well-known to connect deeply with adolescents and to influence identity development, perhaps more than any other entertainment medium,” said the study authors.

Task 7.4. Read the article below and prepare to discuss the issue.

ONE MAN’S MUZAK IS ANOTHER MAN’S NOISE

Pre-reading task. What do you think the article might be about?

Give answers to the forgoing questions:

1. Is muzak popular in your country? Where can you hear muzak?

2. What do you think the author’s opinion might be? Read the last paragraph and find out.

4. How do you feel about it?

Extensive research was carried out in 2002 into opinions on background music, or muzak as it is commonly known in the USA or piped music as it is known in Britain. The survey asked the general public what they thought and the findings gave an interesting view of the growing use of this type of music that seems to follow us everywhere.

So what exactly is muzak? It is background music played in public places such as shops, supermarkets, pubs, or even down the telephone! If you are asked to wait on the phone for a few minutes, you can often find yourself with an earful of exceptionally loud music.

From the survey, researchers found that 33% of the general public expressed a total dislike of this form of music. Together with the 36% of the general public who said that they never actually even notice background music, this total figure might be a strong message for business people that perhaps they need to start questioning the value of playing muzak anywhere and everywhere, as many people clearly dislike it!

The vast majority of people who find it annoying feel that shops, supermarkets, restaurants and cafes are the worst places. Generally, restaurants are considered worse for those who are hard of hearing, as they can feel left out of conversations or unable to hear restaurant staff well enough due to background noise.

Ordinary daily life has never been noisier. It has become quite acceptable to play muzak in buses and taxis, for example. It is now commonly piped onto streets, beaches and parks as well as hotels, restaurants and hospital waiting areas. Many people in hospital are helpless and also denied their right to silence when they are in such an uncomfortable condition. Surely we all have a basic right to silence should we choose.

In recent years, the quality of piped music has changed, from relatively soft sounds to hard, louder sounds on many occasions. Restaurants seem to be operating in the belief that the more background noise there is, the better business will be. There are, in fact, no statistics that actually prove that higher noise levels increase business. Such levels are certainly against the rights of the individual.

Apparently, there is an Internet site which offers help in complaining about the increasing use of muzak by companies in Britain. We generally seem to have little choice in the matter, with music deafening us without our permission, as a means of encouraging us to spend more money. This would seem to be a total abuse of the relationship between company and customer. The site allows you to make a complaint quickly and easily. It also has a list of restaurants and cafes that do not actually play muzak. If you do indeed find yourself more and more stressed and annoyed by such music in public places, why not let your voice be heard and make a complaint. It might just make a difference!

Those who dislike muzak tend to avoid shops in which it is played. It is not, however, enough to avoid those particular businesses as your opinion and voice are lost if you simply stay away. In order for managers to get the message that a large number of customers are staying away and that it could be affecting customer relations, perhaps we now need to start complaining!

As Helen G. from London said, 'I think our worst experience recently was in a large computer store. We asked two or three assistants if they could turn the music down as we couldn't think straight, but they were either indifferent or said they were unable to help. On the way out, we spoke to a more senior member of staff who said it couldn't be turned off. I explained that we had come with 2,000 pounds to spend on computer equipment, but couldn't bear to stay in the shop any longer because of the noise level. He immediately told us to wait while he went to turn it off. Of course we didn't wait and simply took our business elsewhere!'

Whatever happened to being able to focus peacefully on what we're doing, whether it be shopping or socializing? Silence in public places now seems to be totally unacceptable these days. The right to silence is something we need to insist on as we should be allowed to have a certain level of peace and quiet in our lives.

PART II. WRITING ABOUT MUSIC

Task 1. Choose one of the following subjects and compose an opinion essay of

120 – 180 words.

  1. What does the word “music” suggest to you?

  2. “We could live without music. But less well” (Claude Debussy). Do you agree with this statement? How important is music to you?

  3. Music has been described as a “universal language”, “the food of love” (Shakespeare) and even “the greatest good that mortals know” (Joseph Addison). Explain each quotation and say what you think.

  4. Which singers or songs have had a major influence on you? Explain how and why.

  5. Has playing or listening to music ever helped you carry on through the hardships of life? Explain the circumstances and your reactions.

Task 2. Study the subject below and write a discursive essay of 180 – 250-words, using the paragraph plan as a guide. Decide which of the following points you will include, and add more of your own.

Some people say that celebrities deserve everything they get from the media. What do you think?

  • The public has the right to know what the rich and famous are getting up to.

  • Nobody forces people to become celebrities.

  • Celebrities often manipulate the media for their own purposes.

  • Many celebrities have the money and the lawyers to defend themselves.

  • “There is no such thing as bad publicity”.

  • Everyone has a right to privacy, even celebrities.

  • Some journalists use improper methods to get information.

  • Many of the stories that appear are exaggerated, or simply made up.

  • Sometimes it is the celebrities’ families who suffer.

  • The media should concentrate on more important issues.

Part III SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Unit 1. English – Ukrainian Thematic Vocabulary

MUSICAL GENRES (STYLES)

background music – фонова музика

ballet n – балет

blues n – блюз

chamber music – камерна музика

classical musiс – класична музика

contemporary music – сучасна музика; syn. modern music

electronic music – електронна музика

folk/country music – народна музика

have a folk flavour – мати фольклорне забарвлення

incidental music – інструментальна музика

jazz п джаз

musical – 'мюзикл

opera n– опера.

operatic adj –оперний

operetta n– оперета

pop (popular) music – поп музика

ragtime n регтайм

rock music – рок музика

rock counterculture – рок як альтернатива серйозній музиці

rhythm-oriented rock – рок, що спирається перш за все на ритмічну основу

teen-oriented rock – рок, розрахований на аудиторію підлітків

swing – свінг

symphony n симфонія

vocal music – вокальна музика

MUSICAL COMPOSITION

aria n арія

cantata n – кантата

choral music – хорова музика

chorus n – хop

concerto n концерт

duet n дует

fantasia n фантазія

hybrid musical forms – гібридні музичні форми

mah n – марш

minuet n – мінует

movement nчастина музичного твору (симфонії, сонати)

oratorio n ораторія

overture n – увертюра

polka n – полька

polonaise n – полонез

quartet n – квартет

rhapsody n – рапсодія

serenade n – серенада

solo псоло

sonata n– соната

suite n – сюїта

trio n – тріо

waltz n – вальс

MUSIC - MAKING & EVALUATION

accompaniment n – супровід, акомпанемент; dance (sing, play) to the ~ танцювати (співати, грати) під акомпанемент; accompany someone on the piano – акомпанувати комусь на фортепіано

address political issues – торкатися політичних питань (в піснях)

arrange (transcribe) a piece of music for some instrument – аранжувати (перекладати) музику для якогось інструменту

audience п аудиторія; appreciative~ чутлива (вдячна) аудиторія; trained~ досвідчена аудиторія;

captivate the~ захопити аудиторію

band п – оркестр

baton п – паличка диригента; under the~ of – під орудою

be a newcomer in pop-rock stardom – бути новачком на поп/рок олімпі

be endowed with musical talent – мати музикальний талант

beauty of tone and phrasing – краса звуку та фразування

breadth п широта; the ~ and diversity of repertoire – широта та різноманітність репертуару

broad аdj широкий; ~ based audience – широка аудиторія; be enjoyed by a ~ public – мати успіх у широкої публіки

broaden v – розширювати; ~ оnе’s repertoire – розширювати репертуар; ~ the language of improvisation – збагачувати мову імпровізації

charts nтаблиці популярності; dominate pop/rock ~ очолювати таблиці популярності в рок/поп музиці

communicate one's vision of smthпередавати свое бачення чого-небудь

complete an album – завершити альбом

compose v – писати музику

composer nкомпозитор

musical composition – музичний твір

conduct/direct the orchestra – диригувати оркестром

conductor n – диригент; conductor's stand – диригентський пульт; take one's place behind the conductor's stand – зайняти місце за диригентським пультом

disband, break up – розійтися, розпасти­ся (про гурт)

discriminate between real values and fakes – розмежовувати справжні цінності та сурогати

draw crowds, huge audiences – збирати величезну аудиторію

earn acceptance – добитися визнання

enjoy renewed success – здобути нову по­пулярність

ennoble the listener – облагороджувати слухача

make smb. more humane – робити когось людянішим

enormous vocal range – колосальний во­кальний діапазон

enrich one's inner life – збагачувати внут­рішній світ

exemplify current pop / rock – представля­ти сучасний поп / рок

fascinating simplicity – чарівна прос­тота

faultless intonation – бездоганна інто­нація.

get good reviewsотримати схвалення у пресі

give a grand (stormy) ovation – нагоро­дити бурхливими оплесками

give living shape and vitality to every phrase – вдихнути життя у кожну фразу

give smb. a triumphant welcome – зуст­ріти когось з тріумфом

give/present a recital, a concert – дати кон­церт

improvise v імпровізувати

improvisation n імпровізація

infuse jazz with new and fresh concepts – збагачувати джаз новими, свіжими ідеями

interpret v інтерпретувати

interpretation (rendition) п інтерпре­тація, виконання

issue/release a record – випустити платівку

lyrics n слова естрадної пісні

make music – створювати музику

melody n – мелодія

minstrel group – виконавці негритянської музики; ~ show концерт негри­тянської музики

mixed critical reaction – неоднозначна реакція критики

music п музика; have an ear for ~ мати музикальний слух; youth-oriented ~ музика для молоді; ~ lover, fan (con­noisseur) шанувальник музики (знавець); music-stand/music-rack пюпітр; music stool стілець для піаніста

musician п музикант; innovative - музикант-новатор; mature – зрілий музи­кант; mediocre ~ (handicraftsman) посередній музикант; truly creative – дійсно творчий музикант

musicianship n музикальність , музична майстерність

noble restraint – шляхетна стриманість

orchestra n оркестр

orchestral adj оркестровий

orchestrate v оркеструвати

perform v виконувати

performance n виконання; spontaneous ~ – імпровізоване виконання

play v грати; ~ freely by sight – вільно грати; ~ the piano, violin – грати на піаніно, скрипці

playing n гра; school of piano/violin ~ – школа гри на фортепіано/скрипці

probe the traditional subjects торкатися традиційних тем

render v виконувати, передавати дух (твору)

rendition n виконання

reveal individuality – виявити індивіду­альність

score n партитура

shape rock music into high art – робити рок-музику високим мистецтвом

slip v (about creativity, popularity) йти нa спад (про творчість, популярність)

soloist n соліст

songwriter n автор пісень

supersede smb. in popularity – здобути біль­шу популярніш» ніж хтось

thrill n – схвилювати

teach the piano/the violin – навчати грі на фортепіано/скрипці

team п ансамбль, гурті

tune n/v 1.мотив 2. настроювати інстру­мент; primitive snappy/easily caught tunes - примітивні мотиви, щo швид­ко запам'ятовуються

turn even the most worn out compositions into meaningful ones – вдихнути життя навіть у найбільш заяложені композиції

vent the frustrations of adolescence – дати вихід, розчаруванням юності

vidioclip n відіокліп

visual adj візуальний; have ~ appeal мати "візуальну привабливість" (про виступ музиканта); ~ icon музикант (співак), що набув величезної попу­лярності перш за все завдяки візуальному враженню глядачів від його виступів; syn. powerful visual persona

virtuoso,virtuosity n віртуоз, віртуоз­ність; display one's astonishing ~ продемонструвати свою дивовижну віртуозність

vivacity, expressiveness n жвавість, виразність, віртуозність; ant. dullness, listlessness, inexpressiveness – невиразність

volume of sound n гучність

win v заслужити, завоювати, викликати ~ admiration – викликати захват; ~ critical acclaim заслужити схвалення критики

write authentically American music – писати суто американську музику

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, MUSICIANS

accordion n акордеон; ~ player – акордеоніст

banjo n банджо

basson n фагот

bassoonist n фаготист

bow n смичок

bugle n горн

clarnet (clarionet) n кларнет

clarinetist n кларнетист

concertina n концертіно; ~ player – той, хто грає на концертіно

contrabass (bass-viol) n контрабас;

cymbals n муз. тарілки

drum stricks – барабанні палички

kettle-drum n великий барабан

English horn англійський ріжок

flute n флейта

flutist n флейтист

French horn валторна

grand piano n рояль

guitar n гітара

guitarist її гітарист

harp n арфа

harpist n арфіст

harpsichord n клавесин

instruments n інструменти; асоustic ~ акустичні інструменти; electric ~ електричні інструменти; keyboard ~ клавішні інструменти; percussion ~ ударні інструменти; pizzicato - щипкові інструменти; string(ed) ~ струнні інструменти; wind ~ духові інструменти; brasswind ~ мідні духові інструменти

mandolin(e) n мандоліна

mandolin(e) player n виконавець на мандоліні

oboe n гобой

organ n орган

organist n органіст

piano, pianoforte n фортепіано

pianist n піаніст

piccolo n мала флейта

saxophone n саксофон

synthesizer n синтезатор

tambourine n бубон

tambourine player n виконавець на бубні

trombone n тромбон

trumpet n труба

tuba n басова труба

violin n скрипка; syn. Fiddle

violinist n – скрипаль

violoncello, cello n віолончель

violoncellist, cellist n віолончеліст

xylophone n ксилофон

MUSICAL EQUIPMENT

amplifier n підсилювач

deck n дека (магнітофон без підси­лювача)

(loud) speaker n гучномовець

player n автоматичний музичний інстру­мент, плейер; CD/DWD ~ пристрій для

прослуховування компакт дисків

recorder n магнітофон;videocassette/CD/DWD~касетнийвідеомагнітофон; пристрій для

запису/прослуховування компакт дисків

tuner n механізм настройки, тюнер

turn-table n програвач грамплатівок

MUSICAL EVENTS

competition n змагання

concert n концерт

festival n фестиваль

jam session n концерт джазової музики

recital n концерт одного артиста/виконавця чи при­свячений одному артисту/ виконавцю

SINGERS

alto n альт

basso n бас

baritone n баритон

contralto n контральто

soprano n сопрано

coloratura soprano n колоратурне сопрано

mezzo-soprano n меццо-сопрано

tenor n тенор

treble n дискант

MISCELLANY

bar n такт

beat n ритм, такт; in ~ в ритмі; off the – не в ритмі

cord n акорд

clef n ключ; bass ~ басовий ключ; treble ~ скрипковий ключ

counterpoint n контрапункт

disc jockey /DJ диск-жокей

flat n бемоль

key n тональність, висота голосу, кла­віша

major n 1. мажор, мажорний, 2. діез

major key мажорна тональність

minor n мінор, мінорний

pot-pourri n попурі

record jacket/sleeve конверт грампла­тівки

sleeve-note n анотація на конверті грам­платівки

syncopation n синкопа

spiritual n спірітюел

tuning fork n камертон

MUSICAL COMPETITION

adjudicate the prizes присуджувати на­городи

award cash prizes нагородити грошовою премією

competitors учасники конкурсу; syn. con­testants

discover (launch) new stars відкривати лові таланти; syn. promote unknown talents

finals n заключний тур конкурсу

finalists п учасники заключного гуру конкурсу

first (second, third) degree diploma ди­плом першого (другого, третього) ступеня

round п тур

infant prodigy n вундеркінд

jury п журі; lead the ~ очолювати журі

juror n член журі

make one's debut дебютувати

under the chairmanship of під голову­ванням

under the terms of competition за вимо­гами конкурсу

win the first (second, third) prize for pia­nists, violinists одержати першу (дру­гу, третю) премію на конкурсі піаністів, скрипалів

Unit 2. THE ENGLISH IDIOM

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