I. Find the ending of each sentence:
Christmas Eve dinner is ……………………. The most important dish is…………………….. It is made of………………………. The kutya is eaten from a common dish to symbolize………………. Some families used to throw…………………….. According to tradition, if the kutya stuck, there would be……………………...
Traditionally, the "Holy Supper" consists of……………………..
After supper people go from house to house……………………... In return for their songs, the singers are offered ……………………...
………… a plentiful honey harvest.
………… a special porridge called kutya.
………… food and coins, which they gladly accept, moving on to the next home.
………… unity.
………… meatless but festive.
………… 12 different foods, symbolic of the 12 Apostles.
………… a spoonful of kutya up to the ceiling.
………… wheatberries or other grains and honey and poppy seeds.
…………...and sing songs known as kolyadku.
II. The following dishes and ingredients are the symbols of:
The first star that appears in the sky on the Christmas Eve symbolizes………………...
The "Holy Supper" consists of 12 dishes that symbolize……………….
Kutya, a type of porridge, is the primary dish. It is the symbol of……………….
Honey is the symbol of……………., and garlic is the symbol………………..
A white table-cloth, a symbol of……………., covers the Table.
Hay is brought to the house as a reminder of the…………….
A tall white candle is placed in the center of the Table. It’s a symbol of …………………..
A large round loaf of Lenten bread, the symbol of ……………….., is placed next to the Candle.
Christ's swaddling clothes
of the bitterness
the 12 Apostles
Christ the Bread of Life
the sweetness of life
poverty of the Cave where Jesus was born
fertility and wealth
the birth of Christ
Christ "the Light of the World"
Topic 19. Natural Disasters
Natural Disasters
Natural disasters are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental factors that injure people and damage property. Natural disasters are: earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, avalanches, heat waves, ice ages, meteor strikes, drought, wild fires, epidemics, famines, weather disasters and others.
An earthquake occurs due to underground activity such as the movement of tectonic plates. The Richter scale is most commonly used system of measurement of earthquakes. It measures the magnitude of an earthquake on a scale of 0-10. The largest earthquake occurred in Chile in 1960 (9.5). The second most powerful earthquake occurred in 2004 in the Indian Ocean. An earthquake of less than 2.0 on the Richter scale is known as a microearthquake and is not felt. There are approximately 8,000microearthquakes every day!
A volcanic eruption occurs when molten rock, ash and steam pour through a vent in the earth's crust. Volcanoes are: active (in eruption), dormant (not erupting at the present time), or extinct (no longer active). Volcanic eruptions are dangerous because of the hot lava, which flows from the volcano after eruption, and the volcanic ash, which is released into the atmosphere. The ash is dangerous for breathing and it can also cause damage to moving parts in machinery.
An avalanche is a rapid movement of snow, ice, mud, or rock down a mountain, hill or slope. Avalanches are natural forms of erosion, they are often seasonal. An avalanche can reach speed of more than 200 miles per hour. They are caused by such events as earthquake tremors, human-made disturbances (such as constructions or even simply skiing) or excessive rainfall.
Tornado is a violent, dangerous, rotating, tall, narrow column of air which moves over the land along a narrow path. Tornado can cause great damage.
A tsunami is a series of huge waves that happen after an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption. Tsunami is from the Japanese word for “harbor wave”. The waves travel in all directions from the area of disturbance. The waves may travel in the open sea as fast as 450 miles per hour. When the big waves approach the shore they become very high. They can cause a lot of destruction on the shore. Tsunamis often happen in the Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the state of greatest risk for a tsunami. They get about one a year, and a damaging tsunami happens here about every seven years. Alaska is also at high risk. California, Oregon and Washington experience a damaging tsunami about every 18 years.
A flood occurs when the level of water rises in the river or lake and the water overflows onto a dry land. Floods usually happen because of heavy rainfall or melting ice and snow.
Drought is a long period without rainfall. People and animals die of thirst and famine. Crops, plants die too. Large land areas suffer from dust storms or fire.
Famine is extreme shortages of food when people die of starvation.
A forest fire is a fire that rapidly spreads out of control. It usually happens in the summer. The fire spreads quickly, it lights bushes, trees and homes. It may be started by a campfire that was not doused properly, a tossed cigarette, lightning, etc. More than 80% of forest fires are caused by human negligence.