§ 8. Conjunctive pronouns.

Conjunctive pronouns introduce subordinate clauses (subject clauses, object clauses, predicative clauses).

e. g. I don’t want to hear what you’ve come for.

§ 9. Defining pronouns.

The defining pronouns are: all, each, every, everybody, every­one, everything, either, both, other, another.

All is a generalizing pronoun, it takes a group of things or persons as a whole.

e. g. When all is said and done .

He just loved me, that is all.

And Martin forgot all about it.

! We use all with uncountable nouns:

e. g. He spends all his free time in the library.

I’ve got all the information.

! We use all in the expression all about.

e. g. He told us all about his trip.

! We can use all day/the whole day (morning, evening, night, week) meaning the complete day.

e. g. all day

all week

all morning

! All is used after pronouns we, you, they and the verb to be:

e. g. We all know it.

They are all there.

We have all read the article.

We must all go there.

We all = all of us

We all = all of us

They all work here. = All of them work here.

All three of us. – Мы все трое.

All four of them. – Они все четверо.

Each/every

Each is used for a limited number of persons or things:

e. g. Each person of our group has this book.

We use every when we mean an unlimited number of things or persons.

e. g. Every University has a library.

Every, everybody, everyone, everything

We use a singular verb after every/everyone/everybody/everything:

e. g. Every seat in the theatre was taken.

Everybody looks tired today.

Everything he said was true.

! We use every to say how often something happens.

e. g. We go out every Friday.

The buses run every ten minutes.

Both/either/neither

Either has three meanings:

a) Each of the two (один из двух, любой из двух)

b) one of the other (тот или другой)

c) both (и тот и другой, каждый из двух)

e. g. You may go by either road. – Можете идти по той или другой дороге (любой из двух)

Here are two dictionaries, you may take either of them. – Вот два словаря, вы можете взять любой (из них).

There were chairs on either sides of the table. – С той и другой (с каждой) стороны стояли стулья.

Neither (ни тот ни другой)

e. g. Neither of the statements is true. – Ни то, ни другое заявление не является правильным.

There are also conjunctions: either… or (или… или…), neither… nor… (ни… ни…):

e. g. He is either in Odessa or in Kiev.

Neither my wife nor I liked the story.

Both – оба

e. g. Both (the) brothers live in Odessa.

Both my daughters are married.

They both graduated from Cambridge.

We both know it. = Both of us know it.

You must both go there.

! Both is not used in negative sentences. – We use Neither.

e. g. Они оба не пришли на собрание. – Neither of them came to the meeting.

Мы оба не знали об этом. – Neither of us knew about it.

There is a conjunction both … and – и… и… (так… как…)

e. g. Both Peter and Mary were there.

The coat is both good and cheap.

Other/another

Other (different) can be singular or plural.

e. g. One of them is mine, the other is my sister’s.

Six of them are mine, the others are John’s.

Where are the others.

One after the other – один за одним

The other day – на днях, недавно

Another: a different one (Come another day)

an additional one (We need another day to finish. Can you give me another cup of tea. He may be another Edison.)

! Give me the other cake. (Дай мне другое (не это) пирожное)

Give me another cake. (Дай мне еще одно такое же пирожное)

One way or another – так или иначе