§ 3. Reflexive pronouns.

Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject of the sentence in which they are used, indicating that the action performed by the doer passes back to him or is associated with him.

number	singular	plural
	myself,	ourselves
	yourself	yourselves
	himself herself itself	themselves
! Note: We often use reflexive pronouns with such verbs as: amuse, blame, cut, dry, enjoy, hurt, introduce. e. g. I enjoyed myself very much at the party. We amused ourselves playing football. Jim prides himself on his cooking. ! We can use reflexive pronouns after prepositions. e. g. Look after yourself. Take care of yourself. She lives by herself. – She lives on her own. ! We don’t use reflexive pronouns after feel, relax, concentrate, wash, dress, shave, behave. e. g. I feel great. You must try and concentrate. I got up, washed, shaved and dressed quickly. BUT: Wash/dress/shave yourself! – Умойся/оденься/побрейся! Behave yourself! – Веди себя прилично! ! Sometimes reflexive pronouns are used emphatically. e. g. He himself did not like the idea. He himself was idle.

§ 4. Reciprocal pronouns.

each other and one another

They express mutual action or relation. The subject to which they refer must always be in the plural.

e. g. They loved each other.

Reciprocal pronouns have two case forms:

e. g. They looked at each other. They stamped on each other’s feet.

§ 5. Demonstrative pronouns. (this, that, such, the same)

The demonstrative pronouns this and that have two numbers:

Singular plural

this these

that those.

This is used to point at what is nearer in time or space; that points at what is farther away in time or space. Both this and that may be applied to both: persons and things.

e. g. I like that fellow.

The pronoun same is always used with the definite article.

e. g. We were in the same class.

The demonstrative pronoun that (those) may be used as a word-substitute.

e. g. An expression like that of a cat.

The features were certainly those of a Forsyte.

§ 6. Interrogative pronouns. (who, whose, what, which)

Interrogative pronouns are used to form special questions.

The interrogative pronoun who has the category of case: the nominative case is who, the objective case whom.

Who refers to human beings (Who was that?), what usually refers to things (What are you looking at?), which has a selective meaning (который из) (Which would you like?).

! Who is he? – This question inquires about the name of a person.

What is he? – about the occupation of the person.

Which is he? – about some particular person out of the group.

§ 7. Relative pronouns.

Relative pronouns (who, whose, which, that, as) not only point back to a noun or a pronoun mentioned before but also have conjunctive power. They introduce attributive causes.

e. g. On one side was a low wall that separated it from the street.