Dialogue III

Т. Today we shall speak on taxiways. I'm sure you know the func­tion of taxiways, don't you?

S. Yes, certainly. The principal function of taxiways, as the name implies, is to provide access from the runway to the terminal area and back to the runway ends.

The purpose of the taxiways is also to vacate the landing air­craft from the runway as quickly as possible, isn't?

T. Quite correct. The capacity of a runway depends to a large extent on the runway occupancy time by landing aircraft.

S. As far as I know, just for the purpose of minimizing the run­way occupancy time busy airports usually have a main taxiway going parallel the runway ("магистральная РД" in Russian).

T. Right you are. And there are taxiways at various points of the runway connecting it with the main taxiway. They are called "exit taxiways" or "turn-offs". The corresponding Russian terms are "соединительные рулежные дорожки" или "РД схода (с ВПП)". The term "high-speed exit" corresponds to Russian ...

S. "РД скоростного схода". It wasn't difficult to guess.

And how many exit taxiways are necessary?

T. The number and location of exit taxiways depend on some fac­tors, first of all, the mixture of aircraft and their landing characteristics, the rapidity and manner of the air traffic control operations, as well as the runway location relative to the terminal area and some others.

S. Are there any criteria for the taxiway length and width, like those specified by ICAO for the runways?

T. Taxiway dimensional criteria are not so stringent as for the runways, because aircraft speeds on taxiways are much less. The main requirement is to provide the shortest practicable distances from the terminal area to the take-off ends of the runways.

Упражнение 32. Прослушайте, прочтите и переведите текст 5.

Text 5. Taxiways

There is a network of taxiways, also referred to as taxi strips, at the airfield. Their purpose is to provide safe movement of aircraft about the airfield. Taxiways provide access from the runways to the terminal area and maintenance hangars, аs well as from the terminal area to the take-off ends of the runways. Taxiways should be arranged so that aircraft, which landed, do not interfere with aircraft taxiing to take off. At busy airports there is a main taxiway going parallel the runway connecting its ends. Where taxiing traffic is simultaneously in both directions parallel one-way taxiways are provided. Routes are selected to provide the shortest practicable distances from the terminal area to the ends of the runways used for take-off. Whenever possible, taxiways are routed so as to avoid crossing of active runways. During peak traffic periods, when a continuous supply of aircraft is available, the capacity of a runway is de­pendent, to a large degree, on how quickly landing aircraft can be vacated from the runway. Therefore, taxiways should be located at various points along the runway, so that landing aircraft can leave the runway as quickly as possible to clear it for use by other aircraft. These taxiways, connecting the runway with the main taxiway, are commonly referred to as "exit taxiways" or "turn-offs". So, the function of the exit taxiways or turn-offs is to minimize runway occupancy time by landing aircraft. Exit taxiways can be placed at right angles to the runway or at some other angle. When the angle is approximately 30 to 45 degrees, the term "high-speed exit" is used to denote that it is designed for higher speeds than other, exit taxiway configurations.

The number and location of exit taxiways depend on the mix­ture of aircraft, the approach and touchdown speeds, the exit speed, the rate of deceleration, which in turn, depends on the condition of the pavement (wet or dry). The wider the range in landing characteristics, the more exits are necessary. A most important factor in designing the location of exit taxiways is the rapidity and manner in which the air traffic control can pro­cess arrivals. The location of exit taxiways is also influenced by the location of the runways relative to the terminal area.

Since the speeds of aircraft on taxiways are considerably less than on runways, dimensional criteria are not so stringent as those for runways. Also the lower speeds permit the width of taxiways to be less than that of runways.

The requirement to build taxiway shoulders depends on the frequency of jet aircraft operation, the condition of the soil and some other factors.

Упражнение 33. Подберите английские эквиваленты к следующим словосочетаниям:

магистральная рулежная дорожка, РД с односторонним движени­ем, маршрут, доступ, избегать пересечения, пропускная способность ВПП, освободить ВПП, соединительная РД, время пребывания на ВПП, под прямым углом, РД скоростного схода, различные типы самолетов, скорость снижения, скорость торможения, посадочная скорость, состояние покрытия, критерии размеров РД, обочина РД, посадочные характеристики, схема расположения РД. (exit taxiway, turn-off; approach speed; taxiway configuration; main taxiways; touchdown speeds; one-way taxiways; landing characteristics; at right angles; route; taxiway dimensional criteria; access; runway occupancy time; taxiway shoulder; mixture of aircraft; to avoid crossing; pavement condition; to vacate the runway, to leave the runway, to clear the runway; high-speed exit taxiway; runway capacity; rate of deceleration).

Упражнение 34. Подберите определения к существительным:

Area, taxiway, aircraft, traffic, speed, location, capacity.

(terminal, landing, safety, connecting, one-way, main, landing, taxiing, jet, taking-off, parallel, air, ground, high, low, simultaneous, active, continuous, high-speed-exit, approach, touchdown, aircraft, runway, taxiway, airport).

Упражнение 35. Образуйте глагольные сочетания с глаголами

to interfere with, to depend on, to be designed for, to influence.

(taxiing distance, landing, taxiing, taking-off, configuration, occupancy time, condition of the pavement, landing characteri­stics, capacity).

Упражнение 36. Подберите термины к следующим определениям:

1. the taxiway going parallel the runway -

2.taxiways connecting the runway with the main taxiway -

3.taxiways designed for high-speed vacation of the runway –

4. the time of using the runway by an aircraft -

5. the speed at which an aircraft leaves the runway -

6. the speed at which an aircraft approaches landing -

7. the speed at which an aircraft touches the runway -

8. the scheme of taxiway location -

9. an area adjacent to the taxiway -

(taxiway configuration; touchdown speed; runway occupancy time; taxiway shoulder; exit taxiways; exit speed; high-speed exits; main taxiway; approach speed).

Упражнение 37. Объясните по-английски значение следующих терминов:

taxiway configuration; taxiway shoulder; exit taxiway; main ta­xiway; high-speed exit; runway occupancy time; runway capacity; approach speed; touchdown speed; rate of deceleration; exit speed.

Упражнение 38. Найдите в тексте 5:

1) прилагательные в сравнительной степени (4); 2) прилагательные в превосходной степени (2); 3) сравнительные конструкции с пар­ными союзами as ...as ,not so ... as ; c определенным артиклем the ... the ... .

Объясните способы их образования и особенности перевода на рус­ский язык.

Упражнение 39. Составьте подробный план передачи содержания текста 5.

Упражнение 40. Переведите на английский язык. Проверьте пе­ревод по ключу в звукозаписи.

1. Основное назначение рулежных дорожек - обеспечить безопасное движение самолетов по аэродрому.

2. Магистральная РД расположена параллельно основной ВПП.

3. Соединительные рулежные дорожки соединяют ВПП с магистральной РД.

4.Пропускная способность ВПП зависит, в значительной степени, от того, насколько быстро могут освободить ее самолеты, совер­шившие посадку.

5. РД скоростного схода предназначены для уменьшения времени пре­бывания самолетов на ВПП.

6. Как правило, РД скоростного схода расположены под углом 30-45° к ВПП.

7. Количество и схема расположения РД зависит от типов самолетов, их посадочных характеристик, а также от скорости и методов работы службы управления воздушным движением (УВД).

8.Критерии размеров рулежных дорожек не так строги как для ВПП, т.к. скорость движения самолетов на РД значительно ниже, чем на ВПП.

9.Длинна ВПП зависит от многих факторов, таких как лётно-технические характеристики самолетов, окружающая среда в зоне аэропорта и т.д.

10.Схема расположения ВПП зависит, в основном, от направления ветров в зоне аэродрома.

Упражнение 41. Подготовьте устные сообщения по следующим темам:

1. Runway Elements. 2. Runway Configuration.

3. Runway Orientation. 4. Runway length. 5. Taxiways.

Как можно убедиться из приведенного ниже списка слов, Вам потребовалось вcего 28 новых слов для овладения темой "Runways & Taxiways", Проверьте, запомнили ли Вы эти слова и выражения:

1. непосредственно относящиеся к описанию аэропорта:

structural pavement искусственное покрытие

shoulder обочина

runway strip летная полоса

overshooting(overrunning) выкатывание за ВПП

undershooting преждевременное касание ВПП

blast pad укрепленная обочина за концом ВПП

holding apron площадка предварительного старта

high-speed exit РД скоростного схода

head wind лобовой ветер

cross wind боковой ветер

2. относящиеся к различным областям знаний:

erosion эрозия

clearance здесь - разрешение

slope уклон

configuration форма, схема расположения

orientation ориентация

delay задержка

interference помеха

jet blast реактивная струя

runway occupancy time время пребывания на ВПП

primary основной

secondary вспомогательный

stringent строгий

adjacent смежный

crash-and rescue equipment аварийно-спасательное оборудование

to intersect пересекать

to subject to подвергаться

to prevail преобладать

to stagger смещать