Unit 3. LANDING AREA

DIALOGUE 1

Т. It is well known that runways and taxiways are the main ele­ments of the landing area or the flying field, as it is some­times referred to. You remember the principal functions of runways and taxiways, don't you?

S. Of course, we do. Runways are designed for aircraft take-off and landing operations.

Taxiways serve to provide safe aircraft movement about the airport,

T. Quite right, today we shall speak on the runway principal ele­ments. Can you name them?

S. Yes, I can. The runway consists principally of the structural pavement and the safety area.

The safety area includes the terminal safety lines at its both ends and side safety lines along it,

T. That`s correct. Here they are in the diagram.

T. The Russian equivalent for "structural pavement" is "искусст­венное покрытие".

S. The structural pavement serves to support the aeroplane load, doesn't it? _

T. Quite so. And adjacent to the structural pavement there are the so called "shoulders". Can you guess the meaning of this word?

S. Perhaps it means "обочины".

T. Yes. The term means "укрепленные обочины". They are designed to resist erosion because of the jet blast. According to ICAO runway specifications there is the "runway strip" notion. Be­sides both elements mentioned, the runway strip includes an area that is cleared, drained and graded. Here it is.

S. But these are just the side safety lines, aren't they?

T. Exactly so. This area should provide aircraft safe landing in case they veer off the pavement. Have you got the phrase?

S. I think I have. The Russian for "to veer off the pavement" is "выкатиться за полосу искусственного покрытия". Т. Yes, it is. And what is the Russian for "runway strip"? S. It is "летная полоса". .

T. Adjacent to the runway ends which are subjected to jet blast there is an area designed to prevent erosion of surfaces. It is either paved or planted with turf. S. You mean the terminal safety lines, don't you? T. Yes, this area is also intended to reduce accidents of aircraft undershooting or overshooting the runway. Do you know the mea­ning of these word combinations? S. I think I do. They may be translated аз "недолет"и "перелёт", "преждеврёменное касание самолетом ВПП " и "выкатывание за пре­делы ВПП". Т. Quite right. This area is also called "the blast pad". Its Ru­ssian equivalent is "укрепленная площадка за торцом ВПП ". At busy airports holding aprons (площадки предварительного старта) are required at the ends of runways where aircraft can wait for the take-off clearance. Do you know the meaning of the word "clearance" in this context? S. Here it means 'разрешение'аs far as I can guess. T. Just it.

Упражнение I. Прослушайте запись текста. Прочтите и переве­дите текст.

Text 1. Runway elements

Runways are normally identified by the following principal elements: а) the structural pavement which supports the aeroplane load; b) the shoulders adjacent to the structural pavement, which are designed to resist erosion due to jet blast and to accommodate maintenance equipment; c) the runway strip, which includes the structural pavement, shoulders and an area that is cleared, drained and graded (side safety lines). This area should be capable of supporting fire, crash, rescue and snow removal equipment under normal conditions, as well as provide support for aircraft in case they veer off the pavement; d) the blast pad (terminal safety lines), which is an area designed to prevent erosion of surfaces adjacent to the ends of runways which are subjected to sustained or repeated jet blast. This area is either paved or planted with turf. The pavement must have adequate strength to support occasional aircraft loading. The safety area is an area intended to reduce accidents of aircraft undershooting or overshooting (overrunning the runway).

Holding aprons often referred to as "run-up" or "warm-up" pads are required at or very near the ends of runways for air­craft to wait for take-off clearance or to make final check prior to take-off. These aprons are made large enough to accommodate two to four aircraft and to allow sufficient space for one aircraft to bypass another.

If the volumes of traffic are small holding aprons are not required.

Упражнение 2. Подберите эквиваленты к руським словосочетаниям

и скусственное покрытие shoulder

обочина runway strip

эрозия side safety line

аэродромное оборудование take-off clearance

летная полоса overshooting

свободная от препятствий зона erosion

снегоуборочное оборудование blast pad

аварийно-спасательное оборудование cleared area

противопожарное оборудование holding apron

боковая полоса безопасности snow removal equipment

концевая полоса безопасности terminal safety line

преждевременное касание ВПП crash and rescue equipment

выкатывание за ВПП undershooting

уклон ВПП fire equipment

укрепленная обочина за торцом ВПП structural pavement

площадка предварительного старта runway slope

разрешение на взлет maintenance equipment

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте 13 “цепочек” слов с левыми определениями, выпишите и переведите их.

Упражнение 4. Подберите определения к существительным. Обратите внимание на место и форму артикля в словосочетаниях (если он нужен).

Образец: an area (safety) - a safety area

a runway; an area; a pad; an element, an apron; a apace; a line; equipment;

(maintenance; snow removal; crash; rescue; fire; safety; paved; unpaved; adjacent; blast; warm-up; holding; large; adequate; sufficient; side; terminal; longitudinal; transversal; principal; runway)

Упражнение 5. Образуйте глагольные сочетания; составьте предложения с полученными словосочетаниями.

to wait for; to be subjected to; to be designed for.

(erosion, take-off, clearance, jet blast, taking-off, landing).

Упражнение 6. Подберите термины, соответствующие следующим определениям.

1. An area designed to support the aeroplane load -

2. An area adjacent to the structural pavement -

3. An area designed to prevent erosion of surface adjacent to the runway ends -

4. An area including the structural pavement, shoulders and safe­ty lines -

5. An area for aircraft to wait for take-off clearance -

6. Permission for take-off-

(The shoulders, the holding apron, the structural pavement, the blast pad, take-off clearance, the runway strip).

Упражнение 7. Дайте определения следующих терминов.

Образец: - What is the runway?

• The runway is a strip used for aircraft taking-off and landing.

the structural pavement, the shoulder, the runway strip, the blast pad, the holding apron, the take-off clearance, the side safety lines, the terminal safety lines.

Упражнение 8. Выделите корни в следующих производных словах, определите по суффиксу часть речи. Переведите их.

operation, erosion; maintenance, clearance, difference; equipment, pavement, movement; structural, terminal, final, principal, оссаsional; removal; normally, principally, usually; following; landing, taking-off, overrunning, undershooting; safety; strength.

Упражнение 9. Задайте вопросы, начиная их указанными словами.

1. T he landing area includes runways and taxiways. What?

2. Jet airplanes use only paved runways. What (kind of)? 3. The runway is designed for aircraft taking-off

and landing. What … for?

4. The runway length depends on the type and weight

of aircraft. What … on?

5. The shoulders are located adjacent to the

struc­tural pavement. Where?

6. The runway number and length influence the

air­port capacity. What?

7. The IСAO airport classification is based mainly

on the runway characteristics. What … on?

Упражнение 10. Закончите предложения и переведите их.

1. The landing area includes ... . 2. The runway serves for ... . 3. The runway strip consists of ... .4. The structural pavement is designed for ... . 5. The safety area is intended to... . 6. The shoulders are located... . 7. The holding aprons are required for ... . 8. Jet airplanes can operate only from ... .

Упражнение 11. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What are the principal runway elements?

2. What portion of the runway is designed to support the aeroplane load?

2. Where are the shoulders located?

3. Why is it necessary to construct runway shoulders?

5. What areas are subjected to jet blast?

6 What does the runway strip include?

7. What maintenance equipment is available at the runway strip?

8. What area is intended to reduce accidents of aircraft under­shooting or over-running the runway?

9. What are the side safety lines designed for?

10.What are the holding aprons required for?

11.Where are the holding aprons normally located?

Упражнение 12. Выпишите из текста 3 простых и 10 производных прилагательных, в последних подчеркните суффиксы, переведите их.

Упражнение 13. Подберите слова противоположного значения(антонимы), переведите пары.

Large, long, inner, comfortable, good, wet, correct, useful, regular, possible, strong, primary, parallel, efficient, free, clean, wide, different, usual, new, safe, careful, quick, difficult, high, active.

(old, dry, short, inactive, narrow, impossible, secondary, slow, outer, similar, small, uncomfortable, dirty, careless, easy, un­usual,, incorrect, weak, irregular, low, inefficient, dangerous, useless, aid, occupied, divergent).

Упражнение 14. Составьте по образцу короткие диалоги, ис­пользуя олова:

lenght - long, width - wide, hight - high

Образец: - What is the main runway length?

• The main runway is 7000 feet long.

Упражнение 15. Образуйте степени сравнения прилагательных.

Long, big, wide, high, busy, good, far, old, easy, bad, little, large, clear, strong, capable, small, comfortable, important, efficient, active, difficult, correct, careful.

Упражнение 16. Составьте предложения с прилагательными в сравнительной и превосходной степени.

1. The (primary,secondary) runway is (long,wide,active). 2. The (paved, unpaved, hard surface, grass planted with turf) runways (strong,reliable). 3. This (that) problem (important, difficult}. 4. The (single,parallel) runway configuration (safe, efficient).5. The (category A,B,0,D,E) airports (small,great,high) volume of traffic. 6. The maximum (longitudinal, transverse) slope (little).

Упражнение 17. Составьте подробный план передачи содержания текста 1 “Runway Elements”.