- •The abc of modern english grammar: a key to successful communication
- •Unit 1. Singular and plural
- •1.1. Give the plurals of the following nouns.
- •1.2. Rewrite these sentences in the plural.
- •1.3. Complete these sentences with a singular or a plural count noun.
- •1.4. Complete these sentences with a singular or a plural verb.
- •1.5. Choose the correct answer.
- •1.6. Complete these sentences by adding the names given. Use each name twice.
- •1.7. Use the singular nouns below to complete the sentences which follow.
- •1.8. Use these plural nouns to complete the sentences that follow.
- •1.9. Use these collective nouns to complete the sentences that follow.
- •1.10. Choose the correct phrase to answer each of the questions below.
- •1.11. Render the sentences into English.
- •Unit 2. Numerals
- •2.1. Say the following numerals in English.
- •2.2. Say the following dates in English.
- •2.3. “What time is it?”
- •2.4. Match the questions with the appropriate answers. Practise saying the numbers.
- •2.5. Find the errors in these statements and correct them.
- •2.6. Country statistics
- •2.7. Give an English equivalent for the underlying sentences.
- •Unit 3. Quantifiers
- •3.1. Complete these sentences by using “some” or “any”.
- •3.2. Rewrite these sentences using “some” or “any”.
- •3.3. Choose the best alternative.
- •3.4. Complete the sentences using some, any or no. More than one answer may be possible.
- •3.5. Complete the sentences using a word from the box. There is one word you shouldn’t use. More than one answer may be suitable. Give all possible alternatives.
- •3.6. Choose the correct word in each sentence.
- •3.7. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
- •3.8. Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar meaning and contains the word in bold.
- •3.9. Complete the sentences using much, many or a lot of. More than one answer may be possible.
- •3.10. Complete the sentences using a little, a few, little or few.
- •3.11. Choose the correct answer.
- •3.12. Complete these sentences using “little” or “few”.
- •3.13. Complete these sentences using “a little” or “a few”.
- •3.14. Complete these sentences using “a few”, “a little”, “very few”, “very little”.
- •3.15. Find the errors in these sentences. Rewrite each sentence.
- •3.16. Choose the best alternative in each case.
- •3.17. Choose the best alternative.
- •3.18. Complete these sentences using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
- •3.19. Complete the following sentences with something, nothing, everything or anything.
- •3.20. Choose the best alternative.
- •3.21. Complete each sentence with one suitable word.
- •3.22. Complete these sentences using the determiners given in brackets.
- •3.23. Put these expressions into the table. Some go into more than one place.
- •3.24. Geography game
- •3.25. Give an English equivalent for these sentences.
- •Unit 4. Count and uncount nouns
- •4.1. Use these uncount nouns to complete the sentences below.
- •4.2. List these words in two columns side by side, one for uncountables and one for countables. Then join the words which have similar meaning.
- •4.3. Put the underlying words under three headings: countable, uncountable, or both.
- •4.4. Decide whether these sentences need the indefinite article a (an).
- •4.5. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
- •4.10. Use these phrases with “the” and an uncount noun to complete the sentences which follow.
- •4.11. Choose the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
- •4.12. Put one word in each space. Put a dash (-) if the space should be blank.
- •4.13. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence and contains the word in bold.
- •4.14. Choose the best alternative to complete each sentence.
- •4.15. Choose the most suitable word in each sentence.
- •4.16. Complete each sentence with a suitable word from the box.
- •4.17. Complete each sentence with one suitable word.
- •4.18. Suggest the English for the sentences.
- •Unit 5. The imperative and “let”. Emphatic “do / does”
- •5.6. Supply the English for the sentences.
- •Unit 6. Word order
- •6.1. Read the following sentences and write down their structure using the letters s (for Subject), V (for Verb), o (for Object), and a (for Adverbial).
- •6.2. Change the meaning of these sentences by changing the subject and the object.
- •6.3. Put the adverbs given into the correct place. More than one answer may be suitable.
- •6.4. Put these words and phrases in the right order to make sentences.
- •Consolidation of Part 1 and Part 2
- •Recommended learning resources Reference and grammar books
- •Dictionaries
- •Internet resources
Unit 1. Singular and plural
REFERENCE
A Singular and plural forms of nouns
1. Основной способ образования множественного числа существительных – добавление окончания -s к форме единственного числа:
house – houses
2. Существительные, оканчивающиеся в единственном числе на буквы -s, -x, -z, -o или сочетание согласных букв, образующее шипящий звук (ch, sh, ss), во множественном числе прибавляют окончание -es:
bus – buses
fox – foxes
quiz – quizzes
tomato – tomatoes
church – churches
wish – wishes
kiss – kisses
3. Существительные, оканчивающиеся в единственном числе на букву -y, которой предшествует согласная буква, во множественном числе вместо -y приобретают окончание -ies:
lorry – lorries
city – cities
4. Существительные, оканчивающиеся в единственном числе на букву -f или сочетание -fe, во множественном числе приобретают окончание -ves:
wolf – wolves
wife – wives
life – lives
knife – knives
НО: belief – beliefs, proof – proofs
Также: roof – roofs/rooves, hoof – hoofs/hooves
5. Сложносоставные существительные образуют форму множественного числа следующим образом:
♦ сущ. + сущ.: множественное число образуется добавлением окончания -s/-es ко второму существительному:
bus driver → bus drivers
wrist watch → wrist watches
♦ окончание -ing/прил. + сущ.: множественное число образуется добавлением окончания -s/-es к существительному:
swimming costume → swimming costumes
fair deal → fair deals
♦ сущ. + in-law: множественное число образуется путем прибавления окончания -s к существительному:
father-in-law → fathers-in-law
♦ сущ. + наречие: множественное число образуется путем прибавления окончания -s к существительному:
runner-up → runners-up
♦ глагол + наречие/частица: множественное число образуется путем прибавления окончания -s ко всему слову:
knockout → knockouts
breakthrough → breakthroughs
6. Ряд существительных имеет особую форму множественного числа:
man |
– |
men |
deer |
– |
deer |
woman |
– |
women |
sheep |
– |
sheep |
child |
– |
children |
swine |
– |
swine(s) |
foot |
– |
feet |
aircraft |
– |
aircraft |
tooth |
– |
teeth |
spacecraft |
– |
spacecraft |
goose |
– |
geese |
hovercraft |
– |
hovercraft |
louse |
– |
lice |
phenomenon |
– |
phenomena |
mouse |
– |
mice* |
datum |
– |
data |
ox |
– |
oxen |
medium |
– |
media/mediums |
* В значении «компьютерная мышь» форма множественного числа mouses.
B Singular / Plural verb forms (Использование глагольных форм единственного и множественного числа)
Форма глагола в единственном числе используется:
♦ с названиями некоторых наук (economics, mathematics (maths), physics, politics, linguistics, etc.):
Physics is a gripping subject, although I never understood it.
♦ с названиями некоторых видов спорта (gymnastics, athletics, aerobics, etc.):
Gymnastics has a lot of pros and practically no cons.
♦ с названиями некоторых игр (billiards, darts, draughts, dominoes, etc.):
Darts is my lifelong passion.
♦ с названиями некоторых болезней (measles, mumps, etc.):
Measles was the cause of his being absent for so long.
♦ со словом новости (news):
The news wasn’t encouraging but we tried not to lose hope.
♦ с существительными, имеющими форму множественного числа и обозначающими сумму денег, временной период, вес, длину и т. д.:
Ten million dollars is a great amount of money.
Five years was enough to forget everything.
Twenty-two kilos is too much. She won’t be able to lift it on her own.
Five miles is a very long distance for us. Let’s have a three mile run.
♦ с собирательными существительными (jury, family, team, group, crew, crowd, class, audience, committee, council, army, club, press, government, company, enemy, gang, media, public, staff, etc.), если они рассматриваются как единое целое:
The audience was clearly pleased with his statement.
The government is considering budget cuts.
Форма глагола во множественном числе используется:
♦ с существительными, употребляющимися только во множественном числе (clothes, stairs, looks, surroundings, outskirts, premises, earnings, wages, belongings, goods, etc.):
Her belongings were scattered all over the floor.
♦ со словами people, police, cattle, poultry, etc.:
The police are conducting an in-depth investigation of the case.
♦ со словами, обозначающими парные предметы (trousers, binoculars, shorts, shoes, gloves, pyjamas, tights, glasses, earrings, socks, scissors, etc.):
Your shorts are in the upper drawer.
В этом случае для указания количества вместо числительного используется словосочетание pair of …:
We bought her a new pair of gloves as a present.
♦ с собирательными существительными (jury, family, team, group, crew, crowd, class, audience, committee, council, army, club, press, government, company, enemy, gang, media, public, staff, etc.), если они рассматриваются как совокупность отдельных элементов:
The gang are in prison for long terms.
PRACTICE
