1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст. Smoking: psychological and social influences
The problem starts in childhood. There are many reasons why children start to smoke.
Children whose parents smoke are twice as likely to start compared to those with non-smoking parents.
A Scottish study of teenage girls found that smoking was part of an image cultivated by the girls who were seen as leaders of their groups. In contrast, a study by the World Health Organisation found that the 11 to 15 year olds who were most likely to be smokers were lonely, had difficulty talking to parents, had problems at school and had started drinking alcohol.
Health psychology looks at the complex array of biological, social and psychological factors that influence our health and illness-related behaviour. Smoking is a biological addiction, with nicotine as addictive as cocaine and heroin. However, there is more to being hooked on cigarettes than the physical addiction to nicotine. Social learning theory describes how we learn by example from others. We are strongly influenced by our parents, and other people we look up to, such as peers, actors and pop stars. This can lead us to emulate their behaviour and try smoking. There is an almost immediate effect on our brains with those first cigarettes, so we keep smoking to get this reward. Later we learn to associate smoking with other activities such as drinking coffee, going to the pub, etc.
We can become conditioned so just the thought of the activity triggers the need for a cigarette, just like Pavlov's dogs learned to drool at the sound of a bell. These psychological associations remain when smokers try to quit. Finally, you learn to keep smoking, because if you try to quit you are punished by withdrawal symptoms – irritability, snappiness, lack of concentration.
Завдання до тексту
1. Доберіть англійські відповідники до поданих слів:
1) twice |
A) куріння |
2) reason |
B) поведінка |
3) smoking |
C) двічі |
4) teenage |
D) підлітковий |
5) complex |
E) психологія |
6) smoker |
F) причина |
7) behaviour |
G) курити |
8) psychology |
H) курець |
9) to smoke |
I) залежність |
10) addiction |
J) комплекс |
2. Установіть відповідність між терміном та дефініцією:
1) childhood |
A) an irritable petulant feeling |
2) leader |
B) the time of person's life when they are a child |
3) symptom |
C) the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable |
4) immediate |
D) any sensation or change in bodily function |
5) example |
E) of the present time and place |
6) irritability |
F) complete attention; intense mental effort |
7) lack |
G) any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition |
8) concentration |
H) an item of information that is typical of a class or group |
9) biological |
I) pertaining to biology or to life and living things |
10) phenomenon |
J) a person who rules or guides or inspires others |
3. Складіть до тексту словник фахових термінів за схемою: термін (англійською мовою), транскрипція, переклад терміну українською мовою. Обсяг словника – 25 слів.
4. Складіть простий план до тексту.
5. Дайте відповіді на питання:
1) Do you agree with the statement that the problem of smoking starts in childhood?
2) What are the main reasons for smoking in childhood do you know?
3) How do you understand smoking as a phenomenon?
4) What are the psychological, social and biological backgrounds for a person to smoke?
5) Do you smoke? What is your attitude towards smoking people? Explain your personal choice.
6) If you try to quit you are punished by withdrawal symptoms. What are they?
7) Smoking is a biological addiction, isn’t it? Prove the statement.
8) How does the brain react towards smoking?
9) What habits do we usually associate with smoking?
10) People become addicted with nicotine as cocaine and heroin, don’t they? Explain.
6. Доповніть речення:
1) The problem of smoking starts in ….
2) There are many … why children start to smoke.
3) Health psychology looks at the complex array of … factors that influence our health.
4) There is an almost ... effect on our … with first cigarettes.
5) You learn to keep smoking, because if you try to quit you are punished by withdrawal symptoms, such as ….
7. Підготуйте усне повідомлення про зміст прочитаного.
ІІІ. Граматичний матеріл
Тема: Прикметники much, many, little, a little, few, a few. Сполучники.
Вправа 1. Insert much, many, little, few, a little , a few:
1. There is so ….. snow in the street. 2. He has ….. English books. 3. There are too ….. flowers in this vase. Take ….. for your wife. 4. Give me ….. butter, please. 5. There are very ….. pies on the plate. Take ….. for your children. 6. Open the window! There is so ….. air in the room. 7. Give me ….. cheese, please. 8. I can’t drink this tea. There is too ….. sugar in it.
Вправа 2. Translate into English:
1. У нього дуже багато книжок. 2. На вулиці мало снігу. 3. У неї багато дітей. 4. В них мало часу. 5. В цьому стакані дуже багато молока. 6. Скільки англійських книг маєти Ви? 7. Скільки цукру в цьому пакеті? (packet) 8. Скільки у неї дітей? 9. Скільки молока в цьому кувшині? 10. Скільки книг на цій полиці?
Вправа 1. Translate into Ukrainian, paying attention to conjunction.
1. I wish I might go but I am too occupied today. 2. We have been neighbours since we went to other city. 3. I wonder who tells the truth. 4. Here is the magazine that I want to buy. 5. We shall go there either by tram or by subway. 6. We could find him neither in the bank nor in the shop. 7. It was very complicated to act under such conditions, but the workers went on with their job. 8. It was snowing and everyone was at home. 9. Unless you start at once, it will be late. 10. I have no idea what delayed him.
Вправа 2. Використайте сполучники and but or so
1. Jaewon was cold, ________ he put on a coat.
2. Maria tried to read a novel in French,________ it was too difficult.
3. To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, ______ you can ride the ferry.
4. I bought a bottle of wine,_______ we drank it together.
5. The waiter was not very nice,_________ the food was delicious.
6. I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD, ________ the shop didn't have it.
7. Anna needed some money, ________ she took a part-time job.
8. There's so much rain lately! Maybe it's because of El Nino,_____ maybe it's just coincidence.
9. Julie has a guitar, ________ she plays it really well.
10. The concert was cancelled, ______ we went to a nightclub instead.
Практичне заняття № 3
Тема: Послуги працівників готелю.
І.Робота над текстом за темою заняття.
Read, translate and try to retell the text