21

Оглавление

ICC exam answers 2

1) Define intercultural communication competence and list its components. How can intercultural communication competence be improved? Why are empathy and active listening indispensible for effective communication? What are some obstructions to being empathetic and listening actively? 2

2) Define empathy. What are the 5 thematics of empathy according to Tom Bruneau? What are the three major modes of empathy? Explain the difference between them. What are some major roadblocks to empathy? 3

3) Comment on Spitzberg’s model of intercultural competence. How has it affected your understanding of competent communication? 3

4) Comment on Bennet’s model of intercultural sensitivity. Which stage of this model describes most accurately your current views on other cultures? Prove your point. 5

5) What is the significance of context in the study of intercultural communication? Explain the 3 dimensions of assessing the context suggested by Samovar and Porter. Assess how the current context you’re in is affecting your communication. 6

6) Define business protocol. What are its major elements? Compare business protocol of Japan and the USA. 7

7) Compare management styles of the USA, Japan, Germany, Mexico and Russia. 8

8) Compare negotiation styles of the USA, Japan, Germany, Mexico and Russia. 9

9) What ways of dealing with conflict are you familiar with? How does Stella Ting-Toomey apply cultural variability perspective to effective conflict management? 10

10) Provide examples of culturally diverse educational systems. What is multicultural education? How are Hosftede’s value dimensions reflected in the classroom? Analyze a Russian classroom in terms of those dimensions. 10

11) List and comment on the learning styles you are familiar with. Define your own learning style. Would you say it is a typical learning style of your culture? 12

12) What are the three approaches to healthcare according to Samovar and Porter? In your opinion, what are their major advantages and disadvantages? Provide at least two examples of how cultural misunderstandings can hamper medical treatment. 14

13) Define national character. List the approaches to national character you are familiar with. What are some common and not so common methods of studying national character? Do you consider national character a myth or a relevant research topic? Why? 15

14) Define culture shock; list its symptoms and stages. Which features of the Russian culture might be shocking for the representatives of the culture of your second language? 17

15) Define ethics. What are the two main approaches to ethics? What does David W. Kale suggest as the bases of ethical universals and why? What are the four principles of ethical communication according to the mentioned author? 18

16) Compare communication ethics of Confucianism and Hinduism with the Western notion of ethical communication. 19

Icc exam answers

1. Define intercultural communication competence and list its components. How can intercultural communication competence be improved? Why are empathy and active listening indispensible for effective communication? What are some obstructions to being empathetic and listening actively?

Intercultural Communication Competence – behavior that is appropriate and effective in a given context.

Components:

1. Motivation

Try to be motivated!

2. Knowledge

Means that you are self-aware and understand the rules, norms, and expectations associated with the culture of the people with whom you are interacting.

• Content knowledge (knowing what topics, words, meanings, and so forth are required in a situation)

• Procedural knowledge (knowing how to assemble, plan and perform content in a particular situation)

3. Skills

You must be able to listen, observe, analyze, and interpret and apply these specific behaviors in a manner that enables you to achieve your goals.

4. Sensitivity

Involves being flexible, patient, empathic, curious about other cultures, open to diversity, and comfortable with others.

5. Character

If you are not perceived by your communication partner as a person of good character, your chances for success will be diminished.

Improving:

1. Be aware of your culture

2. Examine your personal attitudes

3. Understand your communication style (The kind of image you portray to the rest of the world)

4. Monitor yourself

Self-monitoring – the process of self-observation and analysis.

5. Be emphatic

Empathy – a part of interpersonal sensitivity and social competence.

Empathy and active listening are highly important as you cannot be a good communication partner if you do not try to understand other people’s feelings and cannot predict what their thoughts may be and their potential actions.

Obstructions:

1. Diverse cultural backgrounds

2. Constant Self-Focus

3. Stereotypic notions about gender, race, and culture

4. Self-protective behavior

2. Define empathy. What are the 5 thematics of empathy according to Tom Bruneau? What are the three major modes of empathy? Explain the difference between them. What are some major roadblocks to empathy?

Empathy – the ability to sense, perceive accurately, and respond appropriately to one’s personal, interpersonal, and social environment.

Thematics:

1. Empathy as objectification

Empathy is a fairly crude (грубый) and primitive manner of otherness (различия). Objective empathy concerns person recognition, identification, and the processing of the surface appearances of others, their assumed physical characteristics.

2. Empathy as imitation

The imitative basis of empathy concern identification with and replication of another’s nonverbal, paralinguistic, linguistic and psycholinguistic patterns.

3. Empathy as role-taking

By mentally taking or enacting the entire spectrum of the communicative behaviors of others, we gain a comparative basis for our own communication.

4. Empathy as an alternating perception or a step-flow of sequences

One can and often does attempt to see, hear or perceive from the perceptual viewpoint of the other.

5. Empathy as a psychological mode

Thinking as another may be thinking.

Modes:

1. Interactive empathy

Concerns biological, affective, and perceptual processes within the interactive momentary experience. It concerns otherness in terms of the signalics of nonverbal communication and not the interpretation of these signalics;

2. Reflective empathy

Concerns afterimages of the other derived from the efficient and caring high attentional processing of the other in the transactional and interactive newness. Memory processes are involved as well as the ability to construct and retain images of the other.

3. Projective empathy

Concerns anticipatory rehearsal as well as forebrain expectation. It involves seeing ahead, imagination for upcoming interaction, forecasting in terms of future communications, events, and occasions.

Roadblocks:

• Diverse cultural backgrounds

• Constant Self-Focus

• Stereotypic notions about gender, race, and culture

• Self-protective behavior