2.7. Акронимы

(акроним - буквенная аббревиатура, состоящая из инициальных букв терминологических словосочетаний)

Ex. I. Translate the terms - acronyms

CAT – Computer Aided Technologies (mach); CAT – Computer – assisted trading (econ.); CAR – compound annual return (econ.); AND – Army Navy design (mach.); ARM – aircraft radio mechanic (aviat.); DAY – distributed air gap (mach.); MAD – magnetic airborne detector (aviat.); SIGMA – shielded inert-gas metal-arc welding (mach.); ACID – Automated Classification and Interpretation Data (inform.); ROAD – Reorganized Objective Army Division (mil.); MAN - Militarg Aviation notice (mil.); MASS – Modern Army Supply System (mil.); WHO – World Health Organization; SAW – Surface Acoustic Waves (elect.); SALT – Strategic Armaments Limitation Talks (mil.); ROSE – Remote Operation Service Element (comm..); DAM – Data Addressed Memory (autom.); CAP – cleaner air package (mach.); HELP – Highway Emergency Locating Plan (road.); PERT – program evaluation and review technique (comp.)

Notes to ex.1:

mach. – machinery;

econ. – economy;

aviat. – aviation;

inform. – information;

mil. – military;

elect. – electricity;

comm.. – communication;

autom. – automation;

road – road–building;

comp. – computers.

3. Texts for translation the outstanding chemist of the XX century

The future academician Vladimir Ipatiev was born in Moscow on November 21, 1867, in the fam­ily of a well-known architect. He received a secondary military educa­tion at a Moscow military gymnazium and, after graduating from it, enrolled in an army infantry school. During his years of military service, cadet Ipatiev completed a course on organ­ic and inorganic chemistry on his own. He received his higher educa­tion at the Mikhailov Artillery Academy in St. Petersburg, which was considered at that time to be the best higher training facility for Russian military officers.

At the Academy, Vladimir Ipatiev had a great many opportunities to study chemistry and experiment in a well-equipped chemistry laboratory. It was here, working on his own, that he achieved such fantastic success in his study of chemistry that he soon began to de facto hold classes in the subject at the Academy. His authority at the Academy became so great that its directors approved and published a chemistry coursebook written by Lt. Ipatiev, allowing him to restructure the subject's entire curriculum.

It was here too that he revealed himself as a talented scientist. Vladimir Ipatiev did not simply repeat chem­istry experiments already described, but from the very beginning sought his own, new paths, and his research were distinguished by their novelty and originality. At the Academy, he made acquaintance with such major Russian chemists as Aleksei Favorsky and Dmitry Chernov, and many others.

Having graduated from the Academy in 1892 with excellent marks, he was retained there as an instructor, and to work on his doctoral thesis.

It was during this year that the young scientist's life changed forever. Vladimir Ipatiev published his first work – a brilliant study of the structure of steel crystals, which was approved at a session of the Physical Chemical Society of Russia, and won the approval of Dmitry Mendeleev him­self. He was accepted into the Society, thus becoming the youngest member ever in the history of that organization. The young scientist saw this event as a real triumph: it meant recognition in the scientific world, and strengthened his resolve to devote himself to chem­istry.

In 1894, the 27-year-old Capt. Ipatiev defended his thesis on organic bonds, and became the youngest professor of chemistry at the Michailov Artillery Academy. Like his previous work, his dissertation was rated very highly by the leading chemists of the day, and was even published abroad.

In 1896, Vladimir Ipatiev was sent to Munich University in Germany, to continue his research in a practical with the renowned chemist Adolf von Baeyer. Under his direction, Dr. Ipatiev engineered the original reac­tion of isoprene synthesis for the first time anywhere, thereby laying the foundations for the production of syn­thetic rubber. From this moment on, organic synthesis definitively became the main line of Ipatiev's research.

Vladimir Ipatiev lived abroad for three years. After his return to Russia in 1899, the most active and productive period of his scientific work began. The promising new direction in chem­istry organic synthesis in the presence of catalysts turned out to be an unlim­ited field of study for a chemist of genius. With striking diligence and scientific intuition, Dr. Ipatiev per­formed an endless number of .experi­ments, each of them pushing forward the boundaries of science and raising it to new levels.

It was Vladimir Ipatiev who first intro­duced high-pressure methods to chemistry, having built the "Ipatiev Bomb" an apparatus, unique for the times, which became the prototype for the modem autoclave. His article on the catalytic hydrogenization of organic bonds, which marked the beginning of catalytic synthesis in chemistry, was published one year earlier than a simi­lar study by the French chemist (and, later, Nobel Prize winner) Paul Sabatier. At the same time, using the methods developed by him for initiat­ing reactions at high pressures, Ipatiev's research was more original.