6. Упражнения

I. Subjet and predicate

Ex 1. Translate sentences, using the rule of a row

1. The class of regulators can be thought of as composed of three parts: a parameter estimator, a linear controller and a block which determines the controller parameters. 2. They have used the conventional crystal growth method. 3. Here frequency dependent rate equations applicable. 4. The approach is used for time and money saving purposes. 5. They have constructed a gas-filled high pressure cell. 6. An integrated absorption area value of all methyl groups is reasonably good. 7. They have used the temperature controlled system. 8. Procedure – oriented languages are usually related to a class of problem types. 9. The remaining concern is to take into account varying demand rates and cost variables. 10. The research team developed a new kind of information receiving system. 11. They presented the mass of data necessary for effective land use planning. 12. Two additional large centrifugal type heat pump water heaters have been provided. 13. The logic device produces a specific type signal for specific sensor state. 14. There is a vast controversy-filled literature on the problem.

Ex 2. Translate sentences, paying attention to predicates

1. All these examples will be reduced to minimum. 2. The amount of input information will gradually be being reduced throughout the whole process. 3. Similar remarks apply to Barnard's study of curvature. 4. The cross-sections for both of these processes increase äs the energy of the electrons decreases. 5. The resulting problem is reduced to three degrees of freedom. 6. Philosophical puzzlement about this phenomenon was much reduced thanks to his investigations. 7. The study of polyhedral held a central place in Greek geometry. 8. This differential equation holds true for a number of physical processes. 9. Some of the algebraic laws do hold for the situation under consideration. 10. It had long been understood that sound was related to the Vibration of a mechanical System. 11. Up to this point we have been discussing information retrieval in general terms. 12. So far we have been able to visualize what was being discussed. 13. He has also designed and is implementing a much more comprehensive plan. 14. Furthermore, a method for deriving the optical data has been proposed and is currently being computationally evaluated. 15. Nowadays not only is business becoming a science, but science has in most instances already become a business. 16. Instrument-carrying probes will have been launched on trips to faraway places in the Milky Way. 17. The System looks for data which are precomputed.

Ex 3. Translate sentences with Passive Voice

1. The point equilibrium however is tremendously influenced by the temperature. 2. This phenomenon has been dealt with by several researchers. 3. The reaction was followed by measuring temperature. 4. The experiment will be followed by testing the end product. 5. Hamilton’s discovery was quickly followed by other new algebras. 6. What is watched or waited for seems too long in coming. 7. The congress was referred to as a most representative forum in this field. 8. Every thing is affected by its relations to everything else. 9. A decision was arrived at. 10. This is hardly to be wondered at. 11. Methods employed in solving a problem are strongly influenced by the research objective. 12. As data are changed, how are outputs affected? 13. This paper was shortly followed by another by the same author. 14. Any statement which must be identified by a “statement number”. 15. Often objects can be defined and dealt with independent of their parameters. 16. A printer gets assigned temporally to a user as his own whilst he uses it. 17. Different forms of experience were studied and became organized into a science.

Ex 4. Translate this text, paying attention to Passive Voice

Automation is often referred to as a new subject and its various aspects have not yet all been paid adequate attention to. Thus, for example, its commercial aspects have been only recently fully appreciated. . Many problems arising from the impact of auto­mation on national and world economy have not even been dealt with. It is, therefore, of paramount importance that general pub­lic should be informed both of its technological and social aspects. There is hardly any aspect of human life that would not be affected by the changes that automation will bring about. Un­fortunately, there is relatively little factual material available for analysing the consequences of automatization. Indeed, most economists are not yet fully aware of the problems that might arise in the process of automatization. The effect of these de­velopments on the trend of prices, capital investments, balance of payments have not yet been fully appreciated. These sub­jects should be adequately dealt with in foreseeable future.

Ex 5. Translate sentences with Perfect

1. When the reaction had been finished the temperature fell. 2. Before the exhibition closes from 80 to 90 thousand people will have attended it. 3. Unfortunately before we make the experiment their work will have been published. 4. By 1947 they had decided that their work had uncovered a new filed of scientific endeavour. 5. By the end of March the project will have been realized. 6. I had been my father’s assistant during the holidays for 12 years. 7. We had agreed on these matters long before we had chosen the field of our joint investigations.

Ex 6. Translate sentences with Continuous

1. The reaction was running smoothly. 2. Doubts are be­ing expressed as to the true action course. 3. Definite proof of that effect is presently lacking. 4. At that time the spher­ical joint was becoming more and more useful in the construc­tion of glass equipment. 5. In (A) pure material is being taken off at the top, while the higher boiling component is just start­ing into the column. 6. It will be sometimes necessary to stop the stirrer of the thermostat while the measurements are be­ing made. 7. They will be making the experiment the whole day long. 8. In addition, rapid changes were, and still are, taking place in the relative economics of computing and com­munications. 9. The noise continued with pauses at regular intervals when whatever was being sharpened was removed from the stone.

Ex 7. Translate the text, analyzing the forms of predicates

Some fifteen years ago a group of science men formed in America. They were eminent scientists in many different fields, but they were united by a common interest in particu­lar kind of problem. In a nutshell, this was the problem of control. The time was ripe for some new thinking on this top­ic. Particular manifestations of the control problem were aris­ing at this time because of the Second World War. In fact, several rapidly developing lines of thought, originating in quite different spheres of activity, were coming together.

People were busy with the design of electronic control machinery of various kinds. Mathematicians were trying to help by discussing the behaviour of information inside these electrical systems in terms of mathematics. Elsewhere, people were developing a theoretical interest in the way in which information can be coded. They were trying to answer the question: how can we measure the content of information in a message, and how can this be expressed exactly? Statisti­cians, too, were beginning to discuss the flow of information in the animal body as the basis of physiological control. Biological scientists had also shown interest in problems of control, and in the way information behaves in the body of an animal. They were beginning to make attempts to dis­cuss such questions formally with the help of mathematics. Logicians, engineers, psychiatrists – all these and others were finding roads which led to the same basic topic: the notion of control itself. Gradually scientists began to realize, through the terrible barrier constituted by their different professional languages that they were talking about the same thing.

Ex 8. Translate sentences with Participle I

1. Algol is a system being developed and intended to become a universal programming language. 2. The experiment having been made, everybody was interested in the results. 3. The approach being based on mathe­matical methods is concerned with structural considera­tions. 4. Hav­ing introduced a purely mathematical definition of a sys­tem, let us now make precise another intuitive concept – that of a process. 5. Hav­ing been employed abundantly in many industrial process­es electronic computers show a notable example of progress contributing to the development of industry. 6. Having taken everything into consideration he decided not to go there.

Ex 9. Translate sentences with Absolute Participle Construction

1. The temperature being raised, the kinetic energy is increased. 2. The evaporation increases with the temperature, other things being equal. 3. A very basic syntax is used with assembler language, with each line of coding being composed of two basic files. 4. The reaction must have taken place, with the data showing a change in the infrared region.5. Several extensions of the basic model having been made, we shall pursue the dynamic programming ap­proach. 6. With the structure of various companies beingj different, the model is often inadequate in each particular case. 7. With the question of representing information set­tled, the major design question becomes one of logic operations. 8. Some scientists do not distinguish between pure and applied mathematics, the distinction being, in fact, of recent origin. 9. The session was over, with many aspects of the problem left unsolved. 10. Computers are considered as the answer to automatic production with the other problems treated as peripheral in nature. 11. All factors considered, we believe that the mechanism is the most likely.

Ex 10. Translate sentences with Gerund

1. There is only one corner of the universe you can be certain of improving, and that's your ownself (A. Huxley). 2. Besides being involved this procedure is very costly. 3. The reaction proceeding via another route was a surprise. 4. This is due to the reaction running at a low temperature. 5. They succeeded in getting reliable information on dealing with this type of error. 6. This is a result of our not having specified input or output variables for the network. 7. In spite of having met with failure they continu­ed experimenting. 8. Metals cannot be dissolved without being changed into new substances. 9. In addition to being a tool of science, mathematics is also an art form. 10. No art form can remain static without becoming sterile. 11. He has the reputation of having been a man of piety. 12. There was great danger of the changes being accepted as inevitable and final. 13. They insisted on the sample being tested repeatedly. 14. They objected to using greater voltage in this case.

Таблица 6