Тематика рефератов и курсовых работ по теоретической фонетике

1. Vowel Reduction in the English Language

2. English Intonation

3. Word Stress in English

4. Received Pronunciation (Английская литературная произносительная норма. Становление нормы, ее изменчивость. Основные тенденции изменения нормы в современном английском языке.)

5. Norm and the Main Regional Dialects in England

6. British and American Pronunciation Models

7. General American (Основные черты американского произношения.)

8. The Main Phonological Schools

9. Alternations of Speech Sounds in English.

10. Phonostylistics. Types and Styles of Pronunciation in English.

11. Regional Non-RP Accents of England.

12. Scottish English.

13. Welsh English.

14. Northern Ireland English.

15. Australian English.

16. Southern American.

17. Eastern American.

18. Canadian English.

19. Modern Tendencies in English Pronunciation (vowels).

20. Modern Tendencies in English Pronunciation (consonants).

Вопросы к экзамену

1. Phoneme and its allophones. Their kinds and types. The interrelations between them.

2. Aspiration of pure plosives and the duration of vowels in English

3. The Establishing of the Phonemic system of a Language.

4. General characteristics of English vowels. Phonological problems of the Accented Vowel Structure.

5. Phonological problems of English Consonantism.

6. Phonological problems of the Unaccented Vowel Structure.

7. Division of speech flow into separate linguistic units as the first step of phonological analysis.

8. Phonemic status of triphthongs.

9. Phonemic status of diphthongs.

10. System of phonemes. Phonological oppositions.

11. English diphthongoids. Phonemic functions.

12. Articulatory Classification of English Vowel Phonemes.

13. Phonemic reality

14. Intonation, its functions.

15. Intonation Components.

16. The Speech producing mechanism.

17. Articulatory classification of English Consonants.

18. The main articulatory methods of investigation of English Sounds.

ВОПРОСЫ ДЛЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ЭКЗАМЕНА

1. Phonological problems of accented and unaccented vowel structure.

2. The establishing of phonemic structure of English.

3. Phonological problems of English consonantism.

Glossary

Affricate - a consonant which starts as a plosive, but instead of ending with plosion, ends with a fricative made in the same place.

Allophone — a variant of a phoneme. One of the possible realizations of a pho­neme. The allophones of a phoneme form a set of sounds that (1) do not change the meaning of a word, (2) are all very similar to one another, and (3) occur in phonetic contexts different from one another - for example, syllable initial as opposed to syllable final. The differences among allo­phones can be stated in terms of phonological rules.

Alveolar - a place of articulation where the tongue touches the ridge just behind the upper front teeth. An articulation involving the tip or blade of the tongue and the alveolar ridge, as in English [d] in die.

Articulation — the approach or contact of two speech organs, such as the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth.

Assimilation - the process whereby a speech sound is modified so that it be­comes more similar to a neighbouring sound. The change of one sound into another sound because of the influence of neighbouring sounds.

Bilabial - term for the place of articulation of consonants produced with the upper and lower lips. An articulation involving both lips, as in English [m] in my.

Broad transcription - a transcription that does not show a great deal of pho­netic detail, often a simple phonemic transcription.

Closed syllable - a syllable with a consonant at the end, as the first syllables in English country, magpie, banter.

Devoicing - a process that results in a sound which is normally voiced being pronounced as voiceless.

Dialect — a variety of language which is distinguished from others in terms of vocabulary and grammar as well as pronunciation

Diphthong - a vowel in which there is a change in quality during a single syllable, as in English [ai] in high.

Fricative — a class of consonant made by obstructing the flow of air enough to create a hissing noise at a particular place in the vocal tract. Narrowing of the distance between two articulators so that the airstream is partially ob­structed and a turbulent airflow is produced, as in English [z] in zoo.

Front vowels - vowels in the production of which the body of the tongue is in the front part of the oral cavity (mouth), the front of the tongue is raised.

Hard palate - the bony structure that forms the roof of the front part of the mouth.

Larynx - part of the vocal tract, containing the vocal folds.

Lateral plosion — the release of a plosive by lowering the sides of the tongue, as at the end of the word saddle.

Manner of articulation — part of the standard way of classifying consonants, referring to the type of obstruction to the flow of air made by a consonant.

Monophthong — a vowel in which there is no change in quality during a syllable, as in English [a:] father

Narrow transcription - a transcription that shows phonetic details (such as, in English, aspiration, length, etc.) by using a wide variety of symbols and, in many cases, diacritics.

Nasal plosion - the release of a plosive by lowering the soft palate so that air escapes through the nose, as at the end of the word hidden.

Nucleus - the centre of a syllable, usually just the vowel. Also: the syllable or the word which carries the primary accent in a tone-group.

Onset - the consonants occurring before the vowel in a syllable. Also: the first-stressed syllable in a tone-group (intonation group).

Palate - also known as the "hard palate" or the "roof of the mouth"; the upper surface of the mouth where there is bone beneath the skin.

Palato-alveolar - an articulation between the tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge.

Pharynx - the tube-like passage in the throat which connects the larynx to the upper part of the vocal tract.

Phonology — the description of the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in a language.

Pitch - the auditory property of a sound that enables a listener to place it on a scale going from low to high. It corresponds to the fundamental frequen­cy of a periodic sound.

Place of articulation - part of the standard way of classifying consonants, this refers to the place in the vocal tract where the flow of air is obstructed.

Received Pronunciation (RP) - a name given to the accent used as a standard for describing British English pronunciation for most of the 20th century and still in use.

Reduced vowel - a vowel that is pronounced with a noncontrasting centralized quality, although in the underlying form of a word it is part of a full set of contrasts. The second vowel in emphasis is a reduced form of the vowel /x/, as in emphatic.

Rhotic - a form of English in which /r/ can occur after a vowel and within a syllable in words such as car, bird, early. Most forms of Midwestern American English are rhotic, whereas most forms of English spoken in the southern part of England are non-rhotic.

Uvula - the end of the soft palate, which hangs down above the back of the tongue near the pharynx.

Vocoid - a sound with no obstruction in the centre of the mouth. Vowels and semivowels are vocoids.

Weak form - the unstressed form of any word, such as but or as, that does not maintain its full form when it occurs in conversational speech.