- •Inguinal hernia, in which the protrusion of the intestine is limited to the region of the groin.
- •Inflammation of the pleura, often as a complication of a disease such as pneumonia, accompanied by accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, chills, fever, and painful breathing and coughing.
- •London University College:
- •VI preface.
- •VIII preface.
- •Introductory to the study of anatomy as a science.
- •X table of contents.
- •XII table of contents.
- •10 Commentary on plates 1 & 2.
- •(Page 13)
- •14 Commentary on plates 3 & 4.
- •I. Temporal artery, with its accompanying vein.
- •(Page 17)
- •18 Commentary on plates 5 & 6.
- •I. Occipital artery crossing the internal carotid artery and jugular vein.
- •(Page 21)
- •I. Layer of the cervical fascia, which invests the sterno-mastoid and trapezius muscles.
- •(Page 25 )
- •28 Commentary on plates 9 & 10.
- •I. Left sterno-thyroid muscle, cut.
- •( Page 29)
- •32 Commentary on plates 11 & 12.
- •I. A layer of fascia, encasing the lesser pectoral muscle.
- •I. Thoracic half of the greater pectoral muscle.
- •(Page 33)
- •34 Commentary on plates 13 & 14.
- •36 Commentary on plates 13 & 14.
- •(Page 37)
- •40 Commentary on plates 15 & 16.
- •(Page 41)
- •42 Commentary on plates 17,18, & 19.
- •44 Commentary on plates 17, 18, & 19.
- •I. Tendon of flexor carpi radialis muscle.
- •I. Tendon of second extensor of the thumb.
- •(Page 45 )
- •46 Commentary on plates 20 & 21.
- •(Page 49)
- •52 Commentary on plate 22.
- •Description of plate 22.
- •I I*. Eighth pair of ribs.
- •(Page 53 )
- •54 Commentary on plate 23.
- •56 Commentary on plate 23.
- •Description of plate 23.
- •I I*. Right and left lungs collapsed, and turned outwards, to show the heart's outline.
- •(Page 57 )
- •Description of plate 24.
- •(Page 61 )
- •62 Commentary on plate 25.
- •64 Commentary on plate 25.
- •Description of plate 25.
- •66 Commentary on plate 26.
- •68 Commentary on plate 26.
- •Description of plate 26.
- •(Page 69)
- •70 Commentary on plate 27.
- •72 Commentary on plate 27.
- •Description of plate 27.
- •I. Superficial epigastric vein.
- •(Page 73)
- •74 Commentary on plates 28 & 29.
- •76 Commentary on plates 28 & 29.
- •I. The sartorius muscle covered by a process of the fascia lata.
- •I. The femoral vein.
- •(Page 77)
- •80 Commentary on plates 30 & 31.
- •(Page 81)
- •I. Transversalis muscle.
- •(Page 85)
- •86 Commentary on plates 35,36,37, & 38.
- •88 Commentary on plates 35, 36, 37, & 38.
- •I. The new situation assumed by the neck of the sac of an old external hernia which has gravitated inwards from its original place at h.
- •90 Commentary on plates 39 & 40.
- •Plate 39--Figure 2
- •Plate 39--Figure 3
- •Plate 40--Figure 1.
- •Plate 40--Figure 2.
- •Plate 40--Figure 3.
- •92 Commentary on plates 39 & 40.
- •Plate 40--Figure 4.
- •Plate 40--Figure 5.
- •Plate 41--Figure 1
- •Plate 41--Figure 2
- •94 Commentary on plates 41 & 42.
- •Plate 41--Figure 4
- •Plate 41--Figure 5
- •Plate 41--Figure 6
- •Plate 41--Figure 7
- •Plate 41--Figure 8
- •Plate 42--Figure 1
- •Plate 42--Figure 2
- •96 Commentary on plates 41 & 42.
- •Plate 42--Figure 3
- •Plate 42--Figure 4
- •(Page 97)
- •98 Commentary on plates 43 & 44.
- •Plate 45.--figure 1
- •Plate 45.--figure 4
- •102 Commentary on plates 45 & 46.
- •Plate 45.--figure 5
- •Plate 45.--figure 6
- •Plate 46.--figure 1
- •Plate 46.--figure 2
- •104 Commentary on plates 45 & 46.
- •(Page 105)
- •106 Commentary on plate 47.
- •Description of plate 47.
- •(Page 109)
- •110 Commentary on plates 48 & 49.
- •112 Commentary on plates 49 & 49.
- •(Page 113)
- •114 Commentary on plates 50 & 51.
- •116 Commentary on plates 50 & 51.
- •I I. The glutei muscles.
- •(Page 117)
- •118 Commentary on plates 52 & 53.
- •Plate 54, Figure 1.
- •122 Commentary on plates 54, 55, & 56.
- •Plate 55--Figure 1
- •Plate 55--Figure 2
- •Plate 55--Figure 3
- •124 Commentary on plates 54, 55, & 56.
- •Plate 57.--Figure 1.
- •126 Commentary on plates 57 & 58.
- •Plate 57.--Figure 15.
- •Plate 58.--Figure 1.
- •Plate 58.--Figure 2.
- •128 Commentary on plates 57 & 58.
- •(Page 129)
- •130 Commentary on plates 59 & 60.
- •Plate 59.--Figure 3.
- •Plate 59.--Figure 12.
- •132 Commentary on plates 59 & 60.
- •Plate 60.--Figure 6
- •134 Commentary on plates 61 & 62.
- •136 Commentary on plates 61 & 62.
- •Plate 62.--Figure 6.
- •138 Commentary on plates 63 & 64.
- •Plate 63,--Figure 1.
- •Plate 64,--Figure 8.
- •142 Commentary on plates 65 & 66.
- •146 Commentary on plates 67 & 68.
- •148 Commentary on plates 67 & 68.
- •I I. The venae comites.
- •(Page 149)
- •International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
- •Including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
XII table of contents.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 59 & 60. P. 129
THE VARIOUS FORMS AND POSITIONS OF STRICTURES AND OTHER OBSTRUCTIONS OF THE URETHRA; FALSE PASSAGES; ENLARGEMENTS AND DEFORMITIES OF THE PROSTATE.
General remarks. Different forms of the organic stricture. Coexistence of several. Prostatic abscess distorting and constricting the urethra. Perforation of the prostate by catheters. Series of gradual enlargements of the third lobe of the prostate. Distortion of the canal by the enlarged third lobe--by the irregular enlargement of the three lobes--by a nipple-shaped excrescence at the vesical orifice.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 61 & 62 P. 133
DEFORMITIES OF THE PROSTATE; DISTORTIONS AND OBSTRUCTIONS OF THE PROSTATIC URETHRA.
Observations on the nature of the prostate--its signification. Cases of prostate and bulb pouched by catheters. Obstructions of the vesical orifice. Sinuous prostatic canal. Distortions of the vesical orifice. Large prostatic calculus. Sacculated prostate. Triple prostatic urethra. Encrusted prostate. Fasciculated bladder. Prostatic sac distinct from the bladder. Practical remarks. Impaction of a large calculus in the prostate. Practical remarks.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 63 & 64 P. 137
DEFORMITIES OF THE URINARY BLADDER; THE OPERATIONS OF SOUNDING FOR STONE; OF CATHETERISM AND OF PUNCTURING THE BLADDER ABOVE THE PUBES.
General remarks on the causes of the various deformities, and of the formation of stone. Lithic diathesis--its signification. The sacculated bladder considered in reference to sounding, to catheterism, to puncturation, and to lithotomy. Polypi in the bladder. Dilated ureters. The operation of catheterism. General rules to be followed. Remarks on the operation of puncturing the bladder above the pubes.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 65 & 66. P. 141
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE POPLITEAL SPACE, AND THE POSTERIOR CRURAL REGION.
Varieties of the popliteal and posterior crural vessels. Remarks on popliteal aneurism, and the operation for tying the popliteal artery, in wounds of this vessel. Wounds of the posterior crural arteries requiring double ligatures. The operations necessary for reaching these vessels.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 67 & 68. P. l45
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE ANTERIOR CRURAL REGION; THE ANKLES AND THE FOOT.
Varieties of the anterior and posterior tibial and the peronaeal arteries. The operations for tying these vessels in several situations. Practical observations on wounds of the arteries of the leg and foot.
CONCLUDING COMMENTARY P. 149
ON THE FORM AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM AS A WHOLE; ANOMALIES; RAMIFICATION; ANASTOMOSIS.
The double heart. Universal systemic capillary anastomosis. Its division, by the median line, into two great lateral fields--those subdivided into two systems or provinces --viz., pulmonary and systemic. Relation of pulmonary and systemic circulating vessels. Motions of the heart. Circulation of the blood through the lungs and system. Symmetry of the hearts and their vessels. Development of the heart and primary vessels. Their stages of metamorphosis simulating the permanent conditions of the parts in lower animals. The primitive branchial arches undergoing metamorphosis. Completion of these changes. Interpretation of the varieties of form in the heart and primary vessels. Signification of their normal condition. The portal system no exception to the law of vascular symmetry. Signification of the portal system. The liver and spleen as homologous organs,--as parts of the same whole quantity. Cardiac anastomosing vessels. Vasa vasorum. Anastomosing branches of the systemic aorta considered in reference to the operations of arresting by ligature the direct circulation through the arteries of the head, neck, upper limbs, pelvis, and lower limbs. The collateral circulation. Practical observations on the most eligible situations for tying each of the principal vessels, as determined by the greatest number of their anastomosing branches on either side of the ligature, and the largest amount of the collateral circulation that may be thereby carried on for the support of distal parts.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 1 & 2.
THE FORM OF THE THORACIC CAVITY, AND THE POSITION OF THE LUNGS, HEART, AND LARGER BLOODVESSELS.
In the human body there does not exist any such space as cavity, properly so called. Every space is occupied by its contents. The thoracic space is completely filled by its viscera, which, in mass, take a perfect cast or model of its interior. The thoracic viscera lie so closely to one another, that they respectively influence the form and dimensions of each other. That space which the lungs do not occupy is filled by the heart, &c., and vice versa. The thoracic apparatus causes no vacuum by the acts of either contraction or dilatation. Neither do the lungs or the heart. When any organ, by its process of growth, or by its own functional act, forces a space for itself, it immediately inhabits that space entirely at the expense of neighbouring organs. When the heart dilates, the pulmonary space contracts; and when the thoracic space increases, general space diminishes in the same ratio.
The mechanism of the functions of respiration and circulation consists, during the life of the animal, in a constant oscillatory nisus to produce a vacuum which it never establishes. These vital forces of the respiratory and circulatory organs, so characteristic of the higher classes of animals, are opposed to the general forces of surrounding nature. The former vainly strive to make exception to the irrevocable law, that "nature abhors a vacuum." This act of opposition between both forces constitutes the respiratory act, and thus the respiratory thoracic being (like a vibrating pendulum) manifests respiratory motion, not as an effort of volition originating solely with itself, but according to the measure of the force of either law; as entity is relationary, so is functionality likewise. The being is functional by relationship; and just as a pendulum is functional, by reason of the counteraction of two opposing forces,--viz., the force of motion and the force of gravity,--so is a thoracic cavity (considering it as a mechanical apparatus) functional by two opposing forces--the vital force and the surrounding physical force. The inspiration of thoracic space is the expiration of general space, and reciprocally.
The thoracic space is a symmetrical enclosure originally, which aftercoming necessities modify and distort in some degree. The spaces occupied by the opposite lungs in the adult body do not exactly correspond as to capacity, O O, Plate 1. Neither is the cardiac space, A E G D, Plate 1, which is traversed by the common median line, symmetrical. The asymmetry of the lungs is mainly owing to the form and position of the heart; for this organ inclines towards the left thoracic side. The left lung is less in capacity than the right, by so much space as the heart occupies in the left pulmonary side. The general form of the thorax is that of a cone, I I N N, Plate 1, bicleft through its perpendicular axis, H M. The line of bicleavage is exactly median, and passes through the centre of the sternum in front, and the centres of the dorsal vertebral behind. Between the dorsal vertebral and the sternum, the line of median cleavage is maintained and sketched out in membrane. This membranous middle is formed by the adjacent sides of the opposite pleural or enveloping bags in which the lungs are enclosed. The heart, A, Plate 1, is developed between these two pleural sacs, F F, and separates them from each other to a distance corresponding to its own size. The adjacent sides of the two pleural sacs are central to the thorax, and form that space which is called mediastinum; the heart is located in this mediastinum, U E, Plate 1.
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