- •Examination questions
- •The noun. The Category of Case.
- •The Verb. The Category of Aspect.
- •The Verb. The Category of Voice.
- •The Sentence. Types of Simple Tenses.
- •The Complex Sentence. Types of subordination.
- •The Notion of Semi-composite sentences. Semi-Complex and Semi-Compound Sentences.
- •Functional Styles, Functions of the language and stylistics functions.
- •Levels of equivalence and the concept of adequate translations.
- •The reflection of the nationally-cultural peculiarities in the lexical system of the English language.
- •Cultural bumps: overcoming misunderstandings in cross–cultural communication.
- •National images and intercultural communication.
- •Nationally cultural peculiarities of the English onomastics.
- •The main directions of contemporary theory of translation and the nature of translation.
Functional Styles, Functions of the language and stylistics functions.
The concept of function: the role these or those classes of words fulfill in the structure of the units of the higher order.
The concept of a functional style: a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication.
Galperin’s classification of functional styles: the belles-leteres functional style , the publicistic functional style, the newspaper functional style, the scientific prose functional style; the official documents functional style.
Jahobson’s language functions: the referential function; the metalinguistic function; the emotive function; the conative function; the phatic function; the poetic function.
The concept of the stylistic function: the inter-relation between the information of the second type and the structural elements of the text.
Stylistic meaning and the system of Connotations. Stylistic Context.
The types of information encoded in messages: 1) the primary information; 2) the secondary information.
The concepts of denotation and connotation.
The components of connotation: emotive, expressive, evaluative; functional stylistic context. Defeated expectancy.
two approaches to Stylistics. Stylistics of Decoding.
The concepts of Stylistics of language-as-a-system and Stylistics of language-in-action.
Charles Bally and Leo Spitger’s contribution to stylistics.
The main subdivision into Stylistics of language-in-action resulting into the oppositions: Linguistic Stylistics and literary Stylistics; Writer’s Stylistics and reader’s Stylistics.
The concept of Decoding Stylistics.
The First Consonant Shift.
Indo-European family of languages and its Germanic branch. Specific properties of the Germanic languages. The first consonant shift as the illustration of the specifically Germanic properties in the sphere of sound system. Three categories of correspondences between non-Germanic and Germanic consonants.
laws of language development.
The evolutioning character of language. The driving force of language development: internal and external factors. General and special laws of language development. The law of assimilation, the law of analogy, the law of simplification.
A Notion of the Phoneme. Three Aspects of the Phoneme.
The problem of the definition of the phoneme. The development of the phoneme theory by Russian and foreign linguists. The phoneme as a unity of three aspects: 1) material, real and objective, 2) abstractional and generalized, 3) functional. A notion of the principal, or typical variant of the phoneme and its allophones. Classification of allophones.
Changes in the pronunciation of the English Vowels and Consonants in present-day English.
Heterogeneity of pronunciation on the territory of Great Britain. The orthoepic norm and three main types of pronunciation: conservative, general, advanced. Changes in the quality of English vowels and consonants. Combinative changes. Changes in length.