- •The Proto-Germanic language (pg).
- •Three branches of splitting in pg
- •The common linguistic features of Germanic languages.
- •The main historical events of the ancient period.
- •6.What are the Celtic tribes and languages in British Isles?
- •7.What Celtic languages in modern Britain can you regard?
- •8. What can you tell about the Roman occupation of Britain?
- •9. What do you know about Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain and formation of English language?
- •10.What can you tell about the Scandinavian conquest of Britain?
- •11.What do you know about North –Sea Germanic tribal dialects?
- •12)What is the influence of Scandinavian vocabulary on the English language ?
- •13.14.15) What are the main three periods in the history of the English language?
- •16. Give the full form of the following abbreviations. Define acronyms read as ordinary words and acronyms with alphabetical reading.
- •17.Group the words formed by sound-interchange into those formed by : 1) vowel-interchange 2)consonant-interchange 3) combining both means , vowel and consonant –interchange .
- •18) Write the compound words in four columns :
- •19) Define the types of non-productive ways of word-building :
- •20) Write which words have combined to form the following terms .
- •21. Give the complete classification of the following words
- •28. Give American English equivalents.
- •30. Define the difference in meaning of the given compounds possessing the change of distributional patterns.
- •31.What is the aim of Lexicology? What are the main Methods of Research?
- •35.What is the type of Word-building: affixation? Give its semantic classification
- •36What is the characteristic feature of Conversion?
- •37 What is an abbreviation? What is the characteristic feature of Initial addreviation?
- •38 What are the main characteristics of word-composition?
- •39 What types of classification of English Compounds do you know?
- •40 What is the type of word-building:Sound and Stress Interchange? Give the full analysis
- •41. What is Blending or Blends? What are the main ways of forming blends?
- •42. What events and conditions can stimulate the borrowing process? What do you know about Borrowings in the English Language?
- •What are the main types of classification in Borrowings?
- •What is Semasiology? What are the main objectives of semasiological study? What types of meaning can you analyze?
- •Semantic Structure of English words. What are the main distinguishes between two levels of analysis: the radial polysemy and the chain polysemy?
- •What can you tell about the Nature of Semantic Changes: Metonymy and Metaphor?
- •The main semantic aspects of Compounds. What do we have in a result of rearrangement of distributional pattern of compounds? Into what semantic groups can compounds be divided?
- •Whai is Homonyms? What types of Classification of Homonyms do you know?
- •What is the defenition of Synonyms? What types of Classification of Synonyms do you know?
- •What is the Euphemism? Euphemisms. Do you use Euphemisms in your everyday speech? Tell about the evolution of euphemisms.
- •51 Сlassification of antonyms is given by в.Комиссаров
- •53 Phraseological units. What are the main principles of classification of pu?
- •Principles of Classification.
- •Semantic Classification of Phraseological Units.
- •Syntactical Classification of Phraseological Units.
- •54. What Classification of phraseological units was suggested by V.V. Vinogradov?
- •55 What classification of phraseological units was given by I.V.Arnold?
- •56. What are the differences between American and British English?
- •57. How can you explain Formal and Informal Types of Speech?
- •58. What is Lexicography? What are the related disciplines in Lexicography?
- •59. What do you know about encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries?
- •60. What are the main characteristics of Specialized dictionaries?
16. Give the full form of the following abbreviations. Define acronyms read as ordinary words and acronyms with alphabetical reading.
Acronyms read as ordinary words :
NASA- National Aeronautics Space Administration
UEFA- The Union of European Football Associations
FIFA- The Fédération Internationale de Football Association
UCAS- Universities And College Admissions Service
UFO- Unidentified Flying Object
SOS- save our souls
AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
TOEFL- Test Of English as a Foreign Language
Acronyms with alphabetical reading:
MP- member of parliament .
IQ- An intelligence quotient,
FBI- Federal Bureau of Investigation
VIP- very important person
IELTS- International English Language Testing System
17.Group the words formed by sound-interchange into those formed by : 1) vowel-interchange 2)consonant-interchange 3) combining both means , vowel and consonant –interchange .
1) vowel-interchange – long-length ,strike-stroke , full-fill ,sing-song ,knot -knit
2)consonant-interchange- wreathe- wreath, believe- belief ,lose-loss , prove-proof , shelve-shelf , breathe-breath , loathe –loath ,clothe - cloth
3) combining both means , vowel and consonant –interchange - bake-batch , glaze-glass , wake-watch ,speak-speech.
18) Write the compound words in four columns :
Neutral compound – speedometer ,airbus ,snowman , honeymoon , sportsman, bookshop, brain-drain, water-melon, note-book, to baby-sit, to book-hunt
Derived compound –, video-recorder, fair-haired , match –breaker ,back-grounder, well-dressed, blood-thirsty , three-cornered
Compound words consisting of three or more stems –high-pitched voice , forget-me-not , theatre-goer, , , sunflower seed, good-for-nothing , , bread-and-butter
Compound-shortened words – TV-show , H-bag, V-day.
19) Define the types of non-productive ways of word-building :
1) stress interchange : to af’fix- ‘affix ,to con’flict – ‘conflict , ‘contest-con’test
2) Reduplication : walkie-talkie , chi-chi , tip-top, ping-pong , riff-raff
3) sound imitation : bark , buzz
4)Blendings : edutainment , brunch ,
5) back formation : to butle –butler , life-to live ,to beg , to emote ,
20) Write which words have combined to form the following terms .
Interpol – International Police
Emoticon – emotion + icon
Netiquette – internet + etiquette
Technophobe – technology + phobia
Netizen – internet+ citizen
Motel- hotel+motor
Heliport – helicopter +airport
Slanguage – slang + language
Medicare – medical+care
Slimnastics – slim + gymnastics
Sci-fi – science + fiction
Informecial – television +commercial
Edutainment – education +entertainment
Chiclit – chicken + literature
21. Give the complete classification of the following words
Rewrite-prefixation
Brunch-blending
Music-lover-derivational compound
Baby-sitter- derivational compound
Chicklit-blending
blackberry-neutral compound
US-abbrevation
Strong – strength-sound interchange
TV-program-compound-shortened
export – to export-conversion
a toy – to toy-conversion
to do – doer-affixation
telecast (television broadcast)-blending
computer – to compute-back formation
ping-pong-reduplication
Ph.D.,-initial abbrevation
internet – net-lexical abbreviation,aphaeresis
Str.– Street-abbrevation
Smog-blending
Cuckoo-sound imitation
sunflower-seed-compound word consisting 3 stems
V-day-compound-shortened
Action-noun-forming suffixes
Blockbuster-derivational compound
Draughtsman-compound morphological
Netizen-blending
22 . Arrange the compounds into two groups: a) idiomatic, b) non- idiomatic. Say whether the semantic change within idiomatic compounds is partial or total.
Idiomatic:
Partial:lady-killer,light-hearted,blackberry,bluebell,lazy-bones,sun-flower,flower bed,sunflower-seed,culture-vulture,highway
Total:butter-finger,bluecoat,horse-marine,ladybird
Non-idiomatic:flower-pot,watermelon,cabman,wolf-dog,backache,greengroccer,money-box,air-kiss,blacklist
23.Point out the synonymic dominant of each group and explain the connotative meanings of the following synonyms:
1. journey – voyage – trip – tour – cruise – travel – hitch-hiking;
2. road – path – way – track – highway;
3. disease – illness – malady – ailment;
24.Match the words in American English with their British equivalents.
Baggage-luggage,blow-out-puncture,gasoline-petrol,round trip-return,line-queue,
Sidewalk-pavement,subway-underground,tag-label,truck-lorry,vacation-holiday
Wire-telegram,yard-gerden.
25.Subdivide the following words into: Native English origin, Latin origin, Scandinavian origin, French origin, Spanish origin, Italian origin, Greek origin, German Origin.
1. Cherry, pear, plum, beet, pepper -latin origin
2. Pupil, lesson, library, science, pencil. -french
3. Father, mother, brother, son. -greek
4. Libretto, violin, opera, operetta, alarm-italian.
5. Hurricane, tomato, tobacco, chocolate. -spanish
6. Waltz yacht, dog, landscape. -german
7. Take, cast, die, law sky, skill, ski.-scandinavian
8. Anemia, criterion, hormone.-rnglish
9.wigwam,moccasin,tomahawk-indian
26. Classify homonyms into homonyms proper, 6homographs and homophones. Explain the meanings of these words in English.
1.а row – a row-homograph (propel with oars- a linear arrangement of seating).
2. a fan – a fan-homonyms proper (someone who likes and admires a famous person or something-a device for creating a current of air or a breeze)
3. right (adj.) – right (n.)-homonyms proper (correct-the opposite of the left)
4.a piece – peace-homophone (chunk-quiet)
5. bean (n.) – been v.-homophone-(a legume-past tence of be)
6. a spring – spring (n) -homonyms proper (a strip of metal-the season between summer and winter)
7. a bow (n.) – to bow (v.) -homograph (tie-greet)
8.to tear - (v.) – a tear (n.)- homograph (break-pearl)
9.sea (n.) – see (v.)-homophone (ocean-to look)
10.a band – a band- homonyms proper (group-braid)
11.week (n.)– weak (adj.)-homophone (seven days-not strong)
12.desert [`dezәt]-(n.) – to desert [di`zә:t]- (v.), -homograph (sahara-to leave)
13.flour (n.) – a flower –homophone (powdered grain-a bloom)
14. a mole – a mole-homonyms proper (birthmark-kind of animal)
27. Define the types of lexical abbreviation – apocope, syncope, aphaeresis, both initial and final shortenings:
1.mart (market)-syncope, 2.net (internet)-aphaeresis,3. com (computer)-apocope,4. copter (helicopter)-aphaeresis, 5.flu (influenza)- both initial and final shortening,6. maths (mathematics)-syncope,7. expo (exposition)-apocope,8. phone (telephone)-aphaeresis, 9.bus (omnibus)-aphaeresis,10. tec (detective)- both initial and final shortening,11. hols (holidays)-syncope,12. miss – (mistress-sycope, 13.fridge – (refrigerator)- both initial and final shortening.