- •The Proto-Germanic language (pg).
- •Three branches of splitting in pg
- •The common linguistic features of Germanic languages.
- •The main historical events of the ancient period.
- •6.What are the Celtic tribes and languages in British Isles?
- •7.What Celtic languages in modern Britain can you regard?
- •8. What can you tell about the Roman occupation of Britain?
- •9. What do you know about Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain and formation of English language?
- •10.What can you tell about the Scandinavian conquest of Britain?
- •11.What do you know about North –Sea Germanic tribal dialects?
- •12)What is the influence of Scandinavian vocabulary on the English language ?
- •13.14.15) What are the main three periods in the history of the English language?
- •16. Give the full form of the following abbreviations. Define acronyms read as ordinary words and acronyms with alphabetical reading.
- •17.Group the words formed by sound-interchange into those formed by : 1) vowel-interchange 2)consonant-interchange 3) combining both means , vowel and consonant –interchange .
- •18) Write the compound words in four columns :
- •19) Define the types of non-productive ways of word-building :
- •20) Write which words have combined to form the following terms .
- •21. Give the complete classification of the following words
- •28. Give American English equivalents.
- •30. Define the difference in meaning of the given compounds possessing the change of distributional patterns.
- •31.What is the aim of Lexicology? What are the main Methods of Research?
- •35.What is the type of Word-building: affixation? Give its semantic classification
- •36What is the characteristic feature of Conversion?
- •37 What is an abbreviation? What is the characteristic feature of Initial addreviation?
- •38 What are the main characteristics of word-composition?
- •39 What types of classification of English Compounds do you know?
- •40 What is the type of word-building:Sound and Stress Interchange? Give the full analysis
- •41. What is Blending or Blends? What are the main ways of forming blends?
- •42. What events and conditions can stimulate the borrowing process? What do you know about Borrowings in the English Language?
- •What are the main types of classification in Borrowings?
- •What is Semasiology? What are the main objectives of semasiological study? What types of meaning can you analyze?
- •Semantic Structure of English words. What are the main distinguishes between two levels of analysis: the radial polysemy and the chain polysemy?
- •What can you tell about the Nature of Semantic Changes: Metonymy and Metaphor?
- •The main semantic aspects of Compounds. What do we have in a result of rearrangement of distributional pattern of compounds? Into what semantic groups can compounds be divided?
- •Whai is Homonyms? What types of Classification of Homonyms do you know?
- •What is the defenition of Synonyms? What types of Classification of Synonyms do you know?
- •What is the Euphemism? Euphemisms. Do you use Euphemisms in your everyday speech? Tell about the evolution of euphemisms.
- •51 Сlassification of antonyms is given by в.Комиссаров
- •53 Phraseological units. What are the main principles of classification of pu?
- •Principles of Classification.
- •Semantic Classification of Phraseological Units.
- •Syntactical Classification of Phraseological Units.
- •54. What Classification of phraseological units was suggested by V.V. Vinogradov?
- •55 What classification of phraseological units was given by I.V.Arnold?
- •56. What are the differences between American and British English?
- •57. How can you explain Formal and Informal Types of Speech?
- •58. What is Lexicography? What are the related disciplines in Lexicography?
- •59. What do you know about encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries?
- •60. What are the main characteristics of Specialized dictionaries?
42. What events and conditions can stimulate the borrowing process? What do you know about Borrowings in the English Language?
Borrowings are taken over from another language and modified in sounding, spelling, and paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language. From Latin words came the names of some fruits and vegetables such as cherry, pear, plum, pea, beet, and pepper. The word plant is also a Latin borrowing of this period. There were numerous scientific and artistic terms like datum, status, phenomenon, philosophy, method, music, of which the words philosophy, phenomenon, method, music were borrowed into English from Latin and had earlier come into Latin from Greek. From the end of the 8th c. to the middle of the 11th c. England underwent several Scandinavian invasions which inevitably left their trace on English vocabulary. Some examples of early Scandinavian borrowings: call, take, cast, die, law, husband, window, ill, loose, low, and weak. Some of
the words of this group are easily recognizable as Scandinavian borrowings by the initial sk-combination.
Classification of Borrowings: The borrowed words can be classified into the following groups: 1.phonetic borrowings-are most characteristic in all languages, they are called loan words proper, 2.translation loans-Translation loans are word-for-word or morpheme-for morpheme translations of some foreign words or expressions, 3.semantic borrowings-Translation loans are word-for-word or morpheme-for morpheme translations of some foreign words or expressions 4.morphemic borrowings- Translation loans are word-for-word or morpheme-for morpheme translations of some foreign words or expressions.
What are the main types of classification in Borrowings?
Borrowings are taken over from another language and modified in sounding, spelling, and paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language. From Latin words came the names of some fruits and vegetables such as cherry, pear, plum, pea, beet, and pepper. The word plant is also a Latin borrowing of this period. There were numerous scientific and artistic terms like datum, status, phenomenon, philosophy, method, music, of which the words philosophy, phenomenon, method, music were borrowed into English from Latin and had earlier come into Latin from Greek. From the end of the 8th c. to the middle of the 11th c. England underwent several Scandinavian invasions which inevitably left their trace on English vocabulary. Some examples of early Scandinavian borrowings: call, take, cast, die, law, husband, window, ill, loose, low, and weak. Some of the words of this group are easily recognizable as Scandinavian borrowings by the initial sk-combination.
Classification of Borrowings: The borrowed words can be classified into the following groups: 1.phonetic borrowings-are most characteristic in all languages, they are called loan words proper, 2.translation loans-Translation loans are word-for-word or morpheme-for morpheme translations of some foreign words or expressions, 3.semantic borrowings-Translation loans are word-for-word or morpheme-for morpheme translations of some foreign words or expressions 4.morphemic borrowings- Translation loans are word-for-word or morpheme-for morpheme translations of some foreign words or expressions.