- •Нечаева м. И., Воробьева с. В., Самофалова т. П., Кузуб е. В.
- •Предисловие
- •Office work
- •1. Records management
- •Records Management
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Origins of Records and Archives
- •Vocabulary focus
- •The Challenge
- •Vocabulary focus
- •A Model Scheme of Service in the uk
- •Director of Records and Archives
- •Deputy Director of Records and Archives
- •Assistant Director of Records and Archives
- •Records and Archives Officer
- •Records and Archives Clerk
- •Assistant Records and Archives Clerk
- •Dialogue
- •History
- •Vocabulary
- •2. In the Office discovering connections
- •Offices
- •A Small Office Versus a Big Office
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •Vocabulary focus
- •2½ Million pieces of paper are printed by computers every __________ and 60 million photocopies are made every _______.
- •Comprehension
- •Text 3 The Eternal Coffee Break
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •Factory Models Work In The Office
- •Meetings
- •Dialogue a Busy Office Read the conversation in pairs and do the tasks below.
- •Telephoning: Getting Through
- •Computers
- •Обязанности секретаря
- •Listening Listening Comprehension I
- •Listening Comprehension II
- •Minutes
- •Listening Comprehension III
- •Discussion
- •Vocabulary
- •3. Job hunting discovering connections
- •Reading
- •Finding the Ideal Job
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •The Ideal Job
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •Job Applications
- •A Letter of Application
- •Curriculum vitae
- •Work in Bermuda!
- •Listening Comprehension I
- •Interviews
- •Listening Comprehension II Who Should We Short-list?
- •Panel Interviews
- •Correspondence
- •4. Business letter format discovering connections
- •Parts of Business Letters
- •I. Indispensable Parts of Business Letters
- •II. Optional Parts of Business Letters
- •Addressing Envelopes
- •Business Letter Layout
- •Modified Block Style
- •Useful Expressions and Phrases
- •Reading Specimen Letters
- •I. Letter Layout.
- •II. Parts of a Letter, Beginning and Ending.
- •III. References, Subjects, Notations and Copies.
- •F.G.Bending
- •Dialogue
- •Some things that you can check in your writing
- •Some things that can make a message unclear
- •5. Enquiries discovering connections
- •Replies to Enquiries
- •Useful expressions and phrases
- •Specimen letters
- •I. Import Enquiry.
- •II. Domestic Enquiry.
- •III. Export Enquiry.
- •Word List:
- •Comprehension
- •Dialogue
- •Points to remember
- •Vocabulary
- •6. Offers
- •Types of offers
- •Useful Expressions and Phrases
- • Expressions used in offers and contracts in connection with terms of payment
- •Reading Specimen Letters
- •I. Firm Offer.
- •II. Offer Without Engagement.
- •III. Declining Offers.
- •IV. Accepting Offers.
- •Word List:
- •Comprehension
- •Dialogue
- •7. Orders
- •Placing an order
- •Useful expressions and phrases
- •Specimen letters
- •I. Enclosing Printed Order Form.
- •II. Enclosing an Acknowledgement.
- •III. Import Order.
- •IV. Exchange of Cables.
- •V. Confirmation.
- •Word List:
- •To: Daniele Causio
- •Vocabulary
- •Business
- •8. Economy
- •Economics as an Academic Discipline
- •Vocabulary focus
- •1. Economy
- •3. Economic
- •5. Economically
- •The Basic Economic Questions: What? How? For whom? Read the text below and do the tasks that follow.
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •Basic Kinds of Economic Systems Read the text below and do the tasks that follow.
- •The division of economic systems
- •Traditional economy
- •Market economy
- •Planned economy
- •Mixed economy
- •Participatory economics
- •The Three Sectors of the Economy
- •Depression
- •Конкуренция
- •Manufacturing and Services
- •Discussion
- •Vocabulary
- •Glossary
- •9. Companies
- •Forms of Business Organizations
- •Sole Proprietorship
- •Advantages
- •Disadvantages
- •Partnerships
- •Advantages
- •Disadvantages
- •Limited Companies
- •Advantages
- •Disadvantages
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Company Structure
- •Vocabulary focus
- •The Board of Directors
- •Investing in a Limited Company
- •Vocabulary
- •10. Management
- •What is Management?
- •Vocabulary focus
- •The General Manager
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •Summary of General Management
- •Management and Human Resources Development
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •Financial Management
- •Dialogue
- •Translation What Makes a Good Manager? Here are 10 Tips by Bill Gates
- •Listening The Retail Sector
- •Vocabulary
- •Glossary
- •Finance
- •11. Money and banking
- •Discovering connections
- •Money in the Modern World
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Forms of Money
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Money is a Spectrum of Assets
- •Text 4 The Role of Banks in Theory
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •Dialogue
- •Translation a) Read the two texts and translate them into Russian in writing.
- •B) Read the two texts and translate them into English in writing.
- •Listening c entral Banking
- •Role play Getting a Bank Loan
- •How soon do you want the loan repaid?
- •Discussion
- •Jokes Money is the root of all evil and a man needs roots!
- •Vocabulary
- •Glossary
- •12. Taxation
- •Discovering connections
- •Reading
- •Taxation (and how to avoid it!)
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •The Income Tax
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Value Added Tax
- •Ex. 2. Make up the plan of the text.
- •Fiscal Policy
- •Double-taxation agreement
- •Listening Floating exchange rates versus a common currency
- •Vocabulary
- •13. Insurance
- •How much insurance money will you get?
- •Text 1
- •Insurance
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Term Insurance
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Whole Life Insurance
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Insurance Companies
- •Dialogue
- •A) Translate the text into English using the previous texts and the terms you have learnt. Оберег для вашего ребенка
- •Listening
- •Insurance
- •Vocabulary
- •Glossary
- •14. Marketing
- •Reading
- •The Centrality of Marketing
- •Vocabulary focus
- •The Marketing Concept
- •Marketing Plan
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •Marketing Research
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •Marketing Management
- •Comprehension
- •Marketing Department
- •Dialogue
- •Translation Making Sense of swot
- •Listening Listening Comprehension I The Story of the Swatch
- •Listening Comprehension II
- •Discussion
- •Vocabulary
- •15. Advertising
- •Advertising and Advertisements
- •Vocabulary focus
- •How companies advertise?
- •Vocabulary focus
- •The World of tv Commercials
- •Ex. 2. Identify these advertising media. Eight different ways of advertising are illustrated (one of them by the indirect means of sports sponsorship).
- •Commercial Advertising Media
- •The Four Major Promotional Tools
- •Public Service Advertising
- •Listening Comprehension I
- •Commercial 2
- •Commercial 3
- •Listening comprehension II
- •Listening comprehension III
- •Discussion
- •Vocabulary
- •16. International trade discovering connections
- •Reading
- •Protectionism and Free Trade
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •Markets
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Comprehension
- •The Two Aspects of Foreign Trade
- •International Monetary Fund
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Dialogue Read the dialogue “ Shipping” in pairs and do the following exercises.
- •Translation Dell Tries to Crack South America
- •Listening Comprehension I
- •Listening Comprehension II
- •Vocabulary
- •Glossary
- •Tapescript
- •Tapescript 1 First version of the conversation
- •Second version of the conversation
- •Литература
Ex. 2. Make up the plan of the text.
Ex. 3. Using the text speak about value added tax.
T E X T 4
Fiscal Policy
Read the text and answer the following question.
What goals does fiscal policy promote?
The government can use its own spending and taxing activities to achieve specific objectives. This is called fiscal policy. By increasing or decreasing its spending or taxing programs, the federal government may reduce or increase demand for goods and services. If the government reduces its own spending, it buys less from businesses, reducing sales and earnings, and people have less money to spend. Similarly, if the government raises taxes, people have less money to spend. Moreover, spending and taxing policies work together to increase or decrease aggregate demand. For example, if the government taxes to a greater extent than it spends, it causes a net reduction in the flow of income to people and businesses. Because this reduces aggregate demand for goods and services, it is a method for fighting inflation.
Fiscal policy uses budget deficits or surpluses to promote economic stability and growth. In the United States, some fiscal policy tools work automatically — without action being taken by the president or Congress. The progressive income tax, for example, is generally considered to promote stability automatically. It tends to reduce the government's collection of revenue when personal and business incomes are declining, and thus helps offset the cutbacks in spending that accompany declining incomes. During business expansions, however, federal tax collection tends to rise fairly quickly and thus reduce inflationary pressures. During postwar business declines, Congress has sometimes legislated emergency spending measures, such as temporary increases in public works expenditures, as additional means of offsetting cutbacks in private spending and preventing unemployment.
Yet there are also problems associated with the use of fiscal policy. Many object to a reduction in government spending because this could mean a reduction in funds used to help provide education, health care and other services. Higher taxes are unpopular with both individuals and businesses. In addition, the use of fiscal policy to cause a sharp reduction in demand is somewhat controversial because it tends not only to reduce inflation but also to increase unemployment.
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Read the text again and decide which of the following statements are correct.
Fiscal policy is the government's spending and taxing policies.
The federal government reduces or increases demand for goods and services by increasing or decreasing its spending or taxing programs.
If the government reduces its own spending, it buys more from businesses, and people have more money to spend.
If the government taxes to a greater extent than it spends, it causes an increase in the flow of income to people and business.
All fiscal policy tools work automatically in the United States.
The progressive income tax promotes stability automatically.
The use of fiscal policy may not only reduce inflation but also increase unemployment.
Ex. 2. Answer the following questions.
What is fiscal policy?
How may the federal government reduce or increase demand for goods and services?
What causes a net reduction in the flow of income to people and businesses?
What does fiscal policy use to promote economic stability and growth?
How does the progressive income tax work?
Why do many people object to a reduction in government spending?
Why are higher taxes unpopular with both individuals and businesses?
What can the use of fiscal policy cause?
Ex. 3. Which of the following expresses the main idea of the text best of all?
Fiscal policy and its objectives.
Spending and taxing activities of the government.
The use of budget deficits or surpluses by fiscal policy.
Problems of the use of fiscal policy.
Ex. 4. Give the main points of the text in 5 — 9 sentences. You may use the following clichés:
The text deals with....... . The text gives a valuable information on....... . Attention is drawn to the fact that ..... . ..........are discussed. Underlined is the conclusion that......... .
Ex. 5. Speak about the use of fiscal policy.
TRANSLATION
A) Translate from Russian into English.
Источниками государственных доходов федерального правительства являются подоходный налог, корпоративные налоги с прибыли и налоги по социальному страхованию.
Первый закон о подоходном налоге основывается на постепенном или прогрессивном налогообложении.
Современная система управления федеральными подоходными налогами была введена во время второй мировой войны.
Подоходный налог, взимаемый путем регулярных вычетов из зарплаты, введенный в 1943 году, позволил значительно увеличить количество налогоплательщиков и сумму налоговых сборов.
Новые правила налогообложения позволили уменьшить налоговый пресс на американцев с низкими доходами.
Отличительной особенностью налоговой реформы было уменьшение или упразднение удержания налогов, включая налог с продаж, процент, выплачиваемый по кредитным картам, кредиты с платежом в рассрочку и др.
Количественный рост налоговых льгот, исключения и лазейки в налоговом законодательстве позволяют многим богатым людям и предприятиям платить более низкие налоги, чем менее богатые.
Целью нового закона о налогах является восстановление доверия и справедливости путем устранения неравенства.
Мероприятия государства по мобилизации финансовых ресурсов, их распределению и использованию на основе финансового законодательства страны называются финансовой политикой. Направления финансовой политики зависят от экономического состояния страны. Кризисное положение экономики предопределяет финансовую политику, направленную, с одной стороны, на прекращение спада производства и на стимулирование производства (например, в виде отдельных налоговых льгот производителям), на мобилизацию финансовых ресурсов в целях их эффективного вложения в отдельные отрасли экономики, а с другой - на сдерживание всех социальных программ, сокращение расходов на оборону и т. п. Соответственно при переходе экономики в другое состояние меняются направления финансовой политики.
Правильность выбранной финансовой политики, несомненно, зависит от критической оценки складывающейся в стране экономической ситуации, от соблюдения «золотого правила» экономической теории - при разработке прогнозов и рекомендаций оценивать экономическую ситуацию в стране такой, какая она есть, а не такой, какой хотелось бы ее видеть. Это тем более важно, поскольку общей тенденцией развития является усиление роли правительства в регулировании национальной экономики через финансовую систему, а именно – расходы государства на программы по социальному обеспечению, на поддержание среднего уровня доходов, на здравоохранение и т. п.
Фискальная политика предполагает использование возможностей правительства взимать налоги и расходовать средства государственного бюджета для регулирования уровня деловой активности и решения различных социальных задач.
B) Translate from English into Russian.
